The concept of the hybrid manager

The concept of the hybrid manager 1. Introduction In this paper, I carefully examine the concept of the hybrid manager by looking at various sources from reliable academic literature mainly books and partly journal article. The purpose of this paper is two-fold. First I examine the concept of the hybrid manager as it was conceived and then evolved. Further, I see to what extent this concept is still relevant for the present business activities and how far in the future it can be taken. I conclude the paper by synthesising all the sources used and by evaluating the topic with my own analysis. 2. Literature Review The concept of hybrid manager seems to have evolved in the business management literature of the UK (Harrison, 1996). The concept caught the attention of the business academics and scholars in the late 1980s. There are a number of websites and links that talk about various directions of this concept today. However, when it comes to academic sources, the literature is quite extensive but does not equate with what is found in terms of websites and web links. Going through Skyrme (2001) is one best account given on the evolution of the hybrid profession. Skyrme devotes considerable portion of his book on taking the matter of hybrid manager at length. As such, the writer defines that the hybrid manager is a person who has the skills to manage the matters of information technology as well as the knowledge of managerial matters. The writer also provides the names of the two persons who, to his analysis, are responsible for the creation of this concept. These are, as noted by Skyrme (2001), Keen and Earl. Whereas Keen gave this term in 1988, Earl is the one who developed this concept to a great extent by highlighting important responsibilities and functions of the hybrid manager in the organisational structure of the times to come. Skyrme (2001) also notes that it was in the wake of the last decade of the 20th century that the need for the hybrid manager was felt by the business world. Therefore, to Earl (as noted by Skyrme), the hybrid manager is a find amalgamation of technical know-how of information technology matters and carries a sound knowledge of managerial matters. In what follows, Skyrme notes that there is generally a lack of complete understanding of this concept in the business organisation and so the relevant stakeholders (academics, teachers, business executives, and so on) should first realize what the term hybrid manager stands for, that is, what it actually entails. Only then should they move ahead in trying to see the possibilities of making use of such a person in business (pp. 430-451). Moving ahead to explore deeper meaning of our topic, we find some other useful sources that broaden this concept and critique it at length. For instance, the literature informs that it was in the 1990s the true need of a professional like the hybrid manager was felt in the business world. The key motives are reported to be intense global competition which was mainly fuelled by technological changes in the entire world. This caused a number of new technologies to play a decisive role for the market growth and the survival of a company anywhere in the world. A number of companies cut their human resource so as to save business cost. The cut in the job required new human resource who could do more in the previously laid out jobs. Another reason which is seen as the catalyst of hybrid managers concept is that the competition was triggered fast by a number of big business giant emerging from the Asian market (China and India, etc.) and they took the entire world by storm. Some other limit ations in the structure of the business organisation were also notably making demands for new careers and jobs. Therefore, all these needs, demands, and challenges paved the way for the corporate world to ask for professional who could provide sound assistance in matters of information technology while at the same time could deal with managerial issues. If one single person could do both the jobs, a number of companies saw it beneficial for them in the areas mentioned just above. Thus, the hybrid manager became the word of the day and it was this time around that this concept obtained more and more attention by business personnel, academics, and other stakeholders alike (Currie Glover, 1999, 420-432). Reviewing more literature is even more productive to understand the intricacies of the hybrid manager. Now when the background of the term and the business conditions of the world are now put across giving us a clear picture of the concept of the hybrid manager, it seems important to look at other sources that view this concept differently, that is, differently from the basic concept and relating it more to the present day context. It can be clearly seen that this set of literature falls under the heading of criticism of the original concept of the hybrid manager. Thus, in this regard, Tansey (2002) provides a very thorough critique of the earlier models of the hybrid manager. The author expands it into three broad areas that require there essential characteristics in the hybrid manager as it is needed today. These are one area of their competences, which is divided into four further branches: (i) hybrid managers business know-how; (ii) their knowledge specific to an organisation the yre working in; (iii) their knowledge of IT, and (iv) their managerial skills. The other concretises the competences, that is, the outcomes that would come from the required competences in the hybrid manager. For example, with sound business knowledge, the hybrid manager will know basics of business, and would function according to them by understanding the requirement of a specific firm. The last area is the critical ability of the hybrid manager, that is, when with a specific competence, what critical insight that hybrid manager has to have. This combination of the further developed concept has been illustrated in the table below (borrowed from Tansey, 2002). It is this model that now seems to occupy more of the business management literature. There are quite a few authors who have expanded even this model according to their own critical insight. There is also now a more realistic picture of the hybrid manager being realised in connection with the present world. For instance, Grembergen is one author that claims that as the 21st century grows old, the hybrid manager will become more of a need of the business world. The major reason to this author for this growth in the demand of the hybrid manager is the tendency to decentralise information systems of the business world; this decentralisation would certainly require a professional who can propel two oars together: one of the management and the other of the information technology. In the future, this will be a very critical expertise of the hybrid manager because management and IT would be walking hand in hand. Hence, it will be very difficult to align these areas if they are run separatel y by two departmental heads: i.e. one manager and the other is IT coordinator. The author emphasizes this observation by highlighting the fact that coming days are the ones in which the world will be more sophisticated knowledge management base. This base can be effectively handled by the people with more expertise and new skills. The key player in the knowledge management will be the further sophistication of technology and systems brought chiefly by the developments in the information technology sector. Hence, newer professions will certainly be required. And in our case the hybrid manager serves for this purpose (pp. 253-260). 2.1. Critical Evaluation of the Literature At this point, it is important to critically view the above literature to reach a plausible evaluation of the fact that if the hybrid manager is needed in the future or not. The above literature clearly relates that the hybrid manager is a concept that came into existence mainly because of the development in IT sector and its growing link with matters of management. This is clear evidence that in the future, the role and need of the hybrid manager will be more in demand than it is at present basically because of the fact that it is the 21st century that is seen a remarkable time for the growth of the IT sector and technological advances related to it. Moreover, the sources, almost all from the recent years, continue to show that there is more and more emphasis in the development of the concept of the hybrid manager. The recent sources attempt to criticise, evaluate, and expand the concept of the hybrid manager. This is further evidence that the concept is well into the process of dev elopment and that this process is more likely to mature as the present century enters its second decade. Hence, at this point in the paper, there is strong evidence that the hybrid manager is the need of the 21st century and so this concept will develop into more sophistication. In the following sections, I look at this concept in more detail by exploring other related area to find out if there is similar evidence available. 3. Hybrid Manager in the Knowledge Management It is important to note that the concept of the hybrid manager has been addressed differently by writers who belong to different disciplines of academia and research tradition. For instance, although the concept of the hybrid manager does exists in relation to the knowledge management, the concept is looked at differently by Grossman (2007). This author sees the hybrid profession being so attached to the concept of the Knowledge management that it is not possible to separate the two. The reason for this observation is presented by the author in that today knowledge management has not only survived but has also told us that it is going to stay here for quite a good deal of time. The author states that knowledge management is not about managing information systems and business issues related to it. Indeed it is a fluid that needs to be taken into consideration as a whole which incorporates factors like intense global competition, evolution of the market into knowledge economy, and cons equently, competitive advantage coming out of these factors to those who will be abreast with these challenges. Henceforth, to operate in the world of future, in the presence of the knowledge economy variables, it is important to produce workforce which is able to handle such challenges. The hybrid manager is one individual who is going to fill a major gap in the demands of the future. The authors notes that they hybrid manager to perform in the knowledge management and knowledge economy will have to have (i) skills to network and team up with people, (ii) higher analytical skills, (iii) managerial knowledge, (iv) organisational skills, (v) skills to process fast flowing information, (vi) skills to deal with information technology needs. This profession, according to the author can be regarded as the KM professional (p. 32). But the author further notes that this is a development of the previously held concept of the hybrid manager. The author notes that as the need to understand th e challenges of globalisation and other related forces has increased, the need to develop more and more such professionals as can deal with these matters has also increased. 4. Hybrid Manager in New Business Climate There are sources in the management literature which shed light on the challenges that we might confront in the changing climate of the global business environment. Barta at el (1999) expand the concept of the hybrid manager in this very context by relating it to major areas of business organisation. The writers note that although the CEOs of companies do have a key role to play in the functioning of their organisations, they cannot perform all the major actions. Hence, they need functional personnel who could take the business side by side with the CEOs. These functional managers are also in a better situation to work as hybrid manager because their position allows them to have hold of quality information; they can synthesise this information with their area-specific knowledge of management, for example in accountancy, production, and so on, and can make the most use of this synthesis by their developed skills in the information technology sector. They further inform us that tomorro ws time will require the hybrid managers to work in a number of areas where they will be mainly performing the functions of understanding the challenges and opportunities of information technology within that contexts; at the same time they will be required to analyse these challenges and opportunities in favour of their organisation; they will also be required to take initiatives to address the risks involved in the decisions they make. Henceforth, this is something that needs to be expanded by the time so that future challenges can be appropriately addressed (pp. 80-83). Barta at el (1999) also point out to the fact that if the role of the hybrid manager is seen in this scenario, the situation will be more benefiting for the organisations because this approach will have to ensure that the hybrid manager has sound information technology knowledge which they could employ with their managerial knowledge. These two factors will enable them to have better interpersonal skills; they will also be possibly able to better understand and deal with the strategic demands of the business company they are working for. Moreover, all these characteristics combined in one individual, they will ensure to carry with them a broad vision to ensure effective use is made of the information resource available from both internal sources and external business partners (p. 83). The hybrid manager of the future business world will also be someone who will have strong command over the conceptualization of IT related needs of the company; the individual will also be mapping out t hese needs and how these can be sufficiently realised to increase the profitability of the company along with other areas of development. Another important arena in which the hybrid manager is expected to play their role in the future business market is their ability to develop ways in which their organisations can move forward to learn new patterns of knowledge still based on the information technology factors. This professional will acquire this goal by closely monitoring the scene of developing technologies, how these relate to organisational and managerial matters, and how these can be learned in the best time for the best results (pp. 80-83). Eventually, looking at the role of the hybrid manager through the analytic lens provided by Barta at el. (1999), it is plausible to arrive at the consensus that the hybrid manager is someone to stay long in the days to come. The professional will not only have a major role to play in the business functions of the future economy; this perso n will also have their role expanded into various areas of business world. 5. The Current Perspective on the Hybrid Manager According to the very current sources, there is evidence that the concept of the hybrid manager is still in the process of development. It has been also interpreted different in different countries. The major essence of the concept is more or less similar. According to Chew and Gottschalk (2009), today it is important not only to understand what the hybrid manager does and also what this individual does not do, that is, it is important to clearly define the roles of the hybrid manager so that the professional productivity of this individual can be attained to the maximum. Elaborating further on this area of concern, Chew and Gottschalk note that at present the term hybrid is being with a number of management- and IT-based applications, functions, and concepts which may be confusing the student of management. They define this case by giving example of the hybrid manager as different from hybrid users. They state that this distinction is very important to understand otherwise the real essence of the hybrid manager can be even lost to great damage to the organisation. Therefore, whereas, according to the authors, hybrid users are the people who work in an environment which is fundamentally user-control computing; these people readily join together their technical skills and knowledge with the business literacy required to fulfil their primary role. One the other hand, the hybrid manager is someone who does need to have technical knowledge and skills, adequate business literacy, as well as a third important characteristic: that is, organisational astuteness that allows a manager to make business-appropriate IS use. This third dimensional feature of the hybrid manager also enables the individual to carve out new grounds on which the future of their company depends. Another very important distinction drawn by the writers is their analysis of the present day organisational patterns. They state that today it is easily noticeable that organisations can develop the hybri d users through a properly set criterion. However, they find it very difficult to point out any such criterion for the hybrid managers training and development. This in part also informs us that the hybrid manager is someone not found commonly and who is still needed in todays challenging business environment (pp. 330-337). 6. Conclusion and Discussion In this paper I have conducted an in-depth examination of the relevant scholarly sources to understand the concept of the hybrid manager. It was also demonstrated that the concept has evolved over time and the factors that have been present in the evolutionary process of the concept were also closely examined. It is revealed that though the concept of the hybrid manager was realized in the late 1980s and was considerably developed in the 1990s, the concept is still very much useful in the twenty-first century. The first part of the paper is thus linked to the second part of the paper which informs us how and through which stages the concept of the hybrid manager is still so effective in the 21st century. It is mainly because of the persistent growth in the IT-based development in the world, and the growing challenges of the international business climate that the need for the hybrid manager is still increasing. The very recent sources examined also demonstrate that there are still is sues present in educational, training, and practical domains for the hybrid manager. However, there is strong evidence that the concept does exist in the very present time and that it is very likely to continue to prosper in the longer run as long as the information technology is growing, and globalization remains forceful for the business world over. In conclusion, it can be stated that the future for the hybrid manager requires in-depth understanding of the roles of this professional, its core and functional capabilities, the issues for training and education, and how to benefit more from this post in the middle of newly felt changes in the world. Having said that, it is also important to understand that the concept of the hybrid manager is now not confined merely to the UK, US, and Europe or other technologically advanced countries like Japan; in fact, the developing world is also putting efforts to produce the home-grown hybrid manager (Spremic and Strugar, 2002). Additionally, it is important to note that major challenges for the development are also quite many, but more fall in the category of training and education of the hybrid manager of the future (Morrell, 2004). References Barta, B. Z., Tantall, A., Juliff, P. Place of information ethnology in management and business education. Padstow, Cornwall: Great Britain, 1999, pp. 75-84. Chew, E. K., Gottschalk, P. Information technology strategy and management: Best practices. New York: Information Science Reference, Ltd. 2009, pp. 335-350. Currie, W. L., Glover, I. A. Hybrid managers as an example of tunnel vision and regression in management research. In W. Currie and B. Galliers, eds. Rethinking management information systems: An interdisciplinary perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999, 410-450. Grembergen, W. V. Strategies for information technology governance. New York: Idea Group Publishing, 2004, pp. 245-265. Grossman, M. 2007. The emerging academic discipline of knowledge management. Journal of Information Systems Education, 18 (1), pp. 31-38. Harrison, C. Academic support services. In D. Warner and D. Palfreyman, eds, Higher education management: The key elements. Philadelphia: Open University Press, 1996, pp. 192-202. Morrell, K. Analysing professional work in the public sector: The case of NHS nurses. Research Series Paper, 1, 2004, 3-29. Skyrme, D.J., The hybrid manager. In M. J. Earl, ed. Informational management: The organizational dimension, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001, pp. 430-460. Spremic, M., Strugar, I. Strategic IS planning practise in Croatia: Organizational and managerial challenges. International Journal of Accounting Information, 3, 2003, 183-200. Tansey, S. D. Business, information technology and society. New York: Routledge, 2002, pp. 170-185.

Guyana’s Culture

Culture name: Guyanese Identification. Guyana is an Amerindian word meaning â€Å"the land of many waters. † Attempts to forge a common identity have foundered, and it is more accurate to speak of African, Indian, and Amerindian Guyanese cultures. There were small European, Portuguese â€Å"colored,† and Chinese communities before large-scale migration to Canada and the United States in the late 1960s. British Guiana was referred to as â€Å"the land of six peoples. † Location and Geography.Guyana is on the northeastern shoulder of South America, bounded on the north by the Atlantic Ocean, on the east by Suriname, on the northwest by Venezuela, and on the south and southwest by Brazil. The capital city is Georgetown. In an area of 83,000 square miles (212,000 square kilometers), there are three regions: the narrow coastal belt of rich alluvium; the densely forested, hilly sand and clay belt; and the Rupununi grasslands between the rain forests and the frontier wi th Brazil. Over 90 percent of the population lives on the coastal belt, which is below sea level.The Dutch, using African slaves in the eighteenth century, made this area habitable. Every square mile of cultivated land has forty-nine miles of drainage canals and ditches and sixteen miles of high-level waterways. Demography. The population was 758,619 in 1980. It had declined to 723,800 in 1991, and an estimated 720,700 in 1996. In 1991, the population consisted of 49 percent Indians; 35 percent Africans; 7 percent mixed race peoples; and 6. 8 percent Amerindians. Indians are of the following religions: Hindu, 65 percent; Muslim, 20 percent; and Christian, 15 percent.Massive migration has led to the virtual disappearance of Chinese, mixed, Europeans, and Portuguese. Linguistic Affiliation. The official language is English. No African languages survived slavery, nor have those of the indentured laborers (Indians, Madeiran Portuguese, and Chinese). Guyanese speak creole dialects of Eng lish with varying ethnic lexical imprints. However, all dialects are mutually intelligible. Symbolism. There are few national symbols or metaphors. The national hero, Cuffy, the leader of the Berbice Slave Rebellion in 1763, is primarily an African Guyanese hero whose statue in Georgetown evokes Indian antipathy.Indians tend to identify with an India of the imagination and the Hindu and Muslim religions. Africans often look to an imagined Africa. The utopian vision of Guyana—El Dorado—created by Sir Walter Raleigh in the 1590s, claims the imagination of most Guyanese today. History and Ethnic Relations National Identity. The colonial rulers promoted images of Britishness to inculcate loyalty to the empire, but although various ethnic groups absorbed aspects of that culture, they retained their identities. The Portuguese attempted to selectively Anglicize their Madeiran Catholic culture to stress their European-ness.Most Africans adapted British culture to an essentiall y African core. Indians, coming after the Africans (between 1838 and 1917), sustained a stronger sense of their national identity. This process of â€Å"creolization† affected all groups but did not forge a national culture. Ethnic Relations. After adopting British cultural idioms, the African and mixed middle class deprecated the â€Å"backward coolie† culture of Indians. The Indians, steeped in ancient notions of caste, brought rigid ideals of color and physical features to their judgment of African people, although most Indian immigrants were themselves dark.Africans and Indians thus constructed distinct Guyana identities. A brief political compromise in the early 1950s could not moderate their mutual incomprehension. In the early 1960s, both groups violently contested the space being vacated by the British; this has left a legacy of racial hatred. Ethnic relations since independence in 1966 have been undermined by the notion that politics consists of the allocation of the spoils of power to the ruling ethnic section. Alternating ruling African and Indian elites publicly criticize the role of culture and ethnicity in political mobilization while exploiting it.Urbanism, Architecture, and the Use of Space The two main commercial centers are Georgetown and New Amsterdam. The colonial architecture found in parts of Georgetown is still impressive wooden buildings with jalousies and high ceilings to facilitate ventilation, some featuring large, wooden verandas. In rural areas, there are many wooden buildings made up of many eclectic styles, but all are built on stilts to protect them from floods. Wooden buildings are fading into the past, however, as concrete buildings are becoming more common. Food and EconomyFood in Daily Life. Basic foods reflect ethnic preferences, but there has been considerable cross-fertilization. The creole foods created by Africans have been adopted by all the other groups. Dishes made from â€Å"ground provisions† n ow constitute a national menu: crab or fish soups with plantains, eddoes, cassava, dasheen, and coconut milk; â€Å"cook-up rice† with black-eyed peas, pigs tail, green plantain, and cassareep; and Indian curries and roti. Food Customs at Ceremonial Occasions. At African festivals and life cycle rites, creole foods are served.Vegetarian curries are provided at Hindu weddings; the day after a wedding, curried meat is served. Basic Economy. Most food is produced locally, including rice, fruits and vegetables, sugar, cooking oils, fish and seafood, meat, and rum. Colonial tastes survive in the form of sardines, corned beef and mutton, chocolate, and whiskey. Imports largely consist of fuels and lubricants, cars, agricultural machinery, clothing and footwear, and consumer durables. Commercial Activities. In a primarily agricultural country, the main exports are sugar and rum.Rice is grown primarily on small farms, and coconuts also are an important crop. The major industrial prod ucts are bauxite, gold, and lumber. Fishing is established, as is livestock rearing. Tourism, mainly to the wild interior, is in its infancy. Major Industries. Industry is still in its infancy in Guyana. The one exception to this are the companies that process bauxite and the facilities in rural areas set up to dredge for gold. Trade. Guyana trades primarily with the European Union (mainly the United Kingdom), Canada, the United States, and the Caribbean community.Most of the country's main export, sugar, is sold to the European Union. The bulk of rice production goes to the Caribbean, and bauxite is exported to Canada and the United States. Division of Labor. Eighty percent of workers in the sugar industry and 90 percent of rice farmers are Indian, as are many growers of fruits and vegetables and forestry and fishing workers. Africans tend to go into the professions, work in public service, and seek employment as skilled workers in urban centers and the interior. Social Stratificat ion Classes and Castes.There are class differences within each ethnic group. One can identify an Indian middle class based primarily in commerce and an African middle class in the professions and the upper echelons of public service. Middle class consciousness across ethnic lines is weak, and includes very few Amerindians. Between 1988 and 1996, gross domestic product increased by forty percent, with remarkable growth in sectors where Indians are disproportionately represented. The public sector, where Africans dominate, experienced no growth in that period.Symbols of Social Stratification. Markers that locate people as middle class regardless of ethnicity include place of residence, the employment of security guards, the type of car driven, the type of English spoken, the frequency of travel overseas, where and what the men drink, where the women shop, clubs, and access to private tutors for children. Political Life Government. The 1992 and 1997 general elections were won by the pr edominantly Indian People's Progressive Party (PPP).The elections of 1968, 1973, 1980, and 1985 and the referendum of 1978 were widely seen to be rigged in favor of the predominantly African People's National Congress (PNC), which ruled from 1964 to 1992. The electoral system has been one of proportional representation since 1964. Fifty-three seats in the national Parliament are allocated proportionally. Another tier of government serves the ten regions; the President, who is the leader of the victorious party, heads the government but does not sit in Parliament. Leadership and Political Officials.Elections are a demonstration of ethnic strength rather than a reflection of popular will. Cheddi Jagan and L. F. S. Burnham were the cofounders of the PPP, a loose coalition of the two main ethnic groups. The first PPP government, elected in April 1953, was thrown out by the British for fear of communism. Party rivalries since that time have involved different versions of Marxism, and the various parties have failed to deal with racial antagonism. Military Activity. Before the 1990s, the army was crucial to the projection of political power, and was a source of employment for African youths.In 1992, the Guyana Defence Force was 97 percent African and 3 percent Amerindian, with Indians accounting for less than one percent. Gender Roles and Statuses Division of Labor by Gender. The economic and political spheres are dominated by men, but a few women are senior officials in the government. Although there has been one female president, there is a paucity of women in the cabinet, the legislature, and the leadership of political parties. Women play a significant role as farmers, market vendors, teachers, nurses, civil servants, and clerks, as well as doing housework.In recent years girls have outperformed boys in regional examinations, and more women than men attend university. The Relative Status of Women and Men. The abandonment of children by fathers and a culture of m ale-centered drinking frequently leave women with the sole responsibility for their children. In urban areas, where the extended family is often nonexistent, many African women are the family breadwinners. The state provides virtually no social welfare assistance. Marriage, Family, and Kinship Marriage. Among Hindus and Muslims, arranged, comparatively early marriages are common.Middle-class Indians have greater freedom in choosing a spouse, especially if the woman is a professional. Marriage usually occurs later, and the family is smaller. Indian families are patriarchal and often function as corporate economic units. Formal marriage is less common among the African working class, and the middle classes marry later. Domestic Unit. There is a high incidence of multi-generational women-centered households in working-class families. Younger men may belong to and contribute to the household, and older men may join later.Men usually marry late and often engage A woman prepares cachiri, an alcoholic drink, in a workshop. in serial monogamy before forming a stable relationship. Socialization Infant Care. Among all the ethnic groups, the extended family plays a role in the socialization of children. In an outdoor society, children are allowed to roam. In rural communities, discipline is a communal responsibility. Children and younger adults address elders not by their names but as â€Å"auntie† or â€Å"uncle. † Children usually are carried by parents, siblings, and relatives. Child Rearing and Education.Teaching children â€Å"correct† behavior is a priority. Corporal punishment is considered indispensable, and attendance at church, temple, or mosque is used to inculcate moral values. Life cycle rites and rituals are central to the shaping of a child. Higher Education. Mixed people and Africans were pioneers in education. Until the 1930s, Indians tended to resist educating girls, but the example of other groups and the emergence of an Indian mid dle class have led to a changed attitude. Until decolonization in the late 1960s, secondary schools were excellent.The University of Guyana, founded in 1963, has produced many distinguished scholars and professionals, but it has also suffered from the mass exodus of Guyanese academics. Religion Religious beliefs. African, Amerindian, and Indian traditional cultures have sustained folk practices that have penetrated Christianity, Hinduism, and Islam. Obeah has its roots in African folk religion but influences Indians as well, and Indian spirit possession has affected rural African religious sensibility. Religious Practitioners. Christian ministers, Hindu priests (Brahmins), and Muslim imams command considerable deference.However, folk religious leaders such as obeah men and women, charismatic leaders in Afro-Christian sects, and similar leaders in folk Hinduism compete with the established religious leaders. Death and the Afterlife. Death requires the public articulation of grief; th e â€Å"wake† or vigil, facilitates communal support for the bereaved, who reciprocate by providing a feast for the community. Hindus believe in reincarnation, and Africans believe that the spirit of the dead must be placated and assisted. Produce displayed for sale at a market in Parika Quayside. Agriculture is Guyana's principal commercial activity.Secular Celebrations Most festivals are based on Christian, Hindu, and Islamic beliefs, so there are few truly secular holidays or events. However, â€Å"Mashramani† is celebrated to mark the country's Republic Day on 23 February, and the anniversary of the Berbice Slave Rebellion of 1763 is also noted. The Arts and Humanities Support for the Arts. It is extremely difficult for artists to survive as public funding is very limited. Many artists have migrated. Literature. Africans celebrate their history of resistance and achievement through Anancy tales, proverbs, songs, and stories. This tradition has haped Guyanese litera ry sensibility. The first major Guyanese novelist was Edgar Mittelholzer (1909–1965), who lived and worked in England most of his life. His first novel,Corentyne Thunder,  was published in 1941 and was followed by 22 additional novels. Another noted Guyanese author, Wilson Harris (1923–), also did most of his writing in England. His works were greatly influenced by Amerindian myths and the haunting solitude of the rain forests and its majestic rivers. The country's best-known poet is Martin Carter (1927–1996), whose work was influenced by the political turmoil of the 1940s and early 1950s. Graphic Arts.The country's most accomplished painter, Aubrey Williams, was steeped in Amerindian motifs and images of the hinterland. The work of the sculptor Philip Moore is informed by West African artistic forms and motifs. In pottery, woodcraft, and basketry, Amerindians produce for the domestic and foreign markets. There is a national collection of paintings but no nati onal gallery. Performance Arts. There is a rich heritage of folk music, dance, and drama in each of the main ethnic groups but no art form to project a national identity. The impact of the national School of Dance has been limited; music and dance are still essentially ethnic.The Theatre Guild in Georgetown has sustained a dramatic tradition, as has the professional Theatre Company, but drama appeals mainly to the elite. Bibliography Adamson, Alan H. Sugar without Slaves: The Political Economy of British Guiana, 1838–1904  , 1972. Benjamin, Joel, Lakshmi Kallicharan, Ian McDonald, and Lloyd Searwar, eds. They Came in Ships: An Anthology of Indo-Guyanese Prose and Poetry  , 1998. Brown, Stewart ed. The Art of Martin Carter  , 2000. Carter, Martin. Selected Poems  , 1997. Jagan, Cheddi. The West on Trial: My Fight for Guyana's Freedom  , 1966. McGowan, Winston F. James G. Rose, and David A. Granger, eds. Themes in African Guyanese History  , 1998. Menezes, Mary Noel . The Portuguese of Guyana: A Study in Culture and Conflict  , 1994. Moore, Brian. Cultural Power, Resistance and Pluralism: Colonial Guyana, 1838–1900  , 1995. Rodney, Walter. A History of the Guyanese Working People, 1881–1905  , 1981. Seecharan, Clem. â€Å"Tiger in the Stars†: The Anatomy of Indian Achievement in British Guiana, 1919–1929  , 1997. ——. â€Å"The Shaping of the Indo-Caribbean People: Guyana and Trinidad to the 1940s. †Ã‚  Journal of Caribbean Studies  14 (1–2): 61–92, 1999–2000.Smith, Raymond T. The Negro Family in British Guiana: Family Structure and Social Status in the Villages  , 1956. ——. British Guiana  , 1962. Spinner, Thomas J. ,  A Political and Social History of Guyana, 1945–1983  , 1983. St. Pierre, Maurice. Anatomy of Resistance: Anti-Colonialism in Guyana, 1823–1966  , 1999. Sue-a-Quan, Trev. Cane Reapers: Chinese Indentured Immigrants in Guyana  , 1999. —C  LEM  S  EECHARAN Read more:  Culture of Guyana – history, people, clothing, women, beliefs, food, customs, family, social  http://www. everyculture. com/Ge-It/Guyana. html#b#ixzz28QSplBsF

Fun at School Essay

† Is a conspiracy theory defined primarily by its internal narrative characteristics or by its external discursive position?† The answer to this quote is because the term â€Å"conspiracy theory† is not a neutral descriptor; it is commonly deployed as a term of disqualification for narratives that may, on their qualities, deserve thought. Further, when attached to a writer or thinker, the label â€Å"conspiracy theorist† can carry a shame similar in kind (if not degree) to that suffered by those designated â€Å"mentally ill.† I don’t think that I am paranoid that much because I don’t have to believe what other people say about their theories. I see others paranoid though every day. I think some conspiracy theorist could have a bad rap because people do not like what they have to say. For example 9/11 people say terrorist flew into the twin towers. Conspiracy theorist say there where bombs planted throughout the building and that the att ack was plotted by our own government. Of course this is going to give these people a bad rap. If our society believes our own government is attacking us and they don’t want to believe it’s true then it falls back on the conspiracy theorist giving him a bad rap. I do agree America is more paranoid then other countries because of the hype of conspiracy theories like sandy hook, 9/11, and all the deaths of famous people like Tupac, and JFK. Other countries may have more problems than us like war and food and water and they need more help than us, so why are we the ones paranoid and they are not. To me this shows America has only a few things to believe and one of those things being conspiracy theories. other countries have to worry about sustaining a life and living when Americans are thinking is Tupac really dead? Is this right for us to think like that? Do we really have problems here in the U.S.?

Financial Reporting Between The International Financial...

Many studies demonstrate the differences in financial reporting between the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and U.S. Standards. Nagle, Wasieleski, and Rau (2012) in their research focused on the code of ethics and moral duties of the company top management. The researchers studied the financial scandals and the recent financial crisis to demonstrate the gap between the market processes and accounting standards. The IFRS and U.S. GAAP differ in a contrary nature of accounting standards. GAAP is considered as rule-based standards, while IFRS viewed as a principle-based. Therefore, the professional judgment on financial improprieties is highly important (p. 479). Moreover, the code of ethics and systematic ethics trainings can diminish the inconsistencies from accounting policies (pp. 484-485). Nagle et al. (2012) examined the study of Nelson (2002), Cuccia (1995), Luthar and Karri (2005), Klimek and Wenell (2011) to analyze the quality of financial information due to more aggressive financial reporting. IFRS’ critics state that the liberal interpretation of standards increases the manipulation of financial reporting. Nagle et al. associated the negative consequences of earnings management with the open-minded principle-based standards. The aggressive reporting cannot mitigate the unethical behavior of financial executives. The unfair financial reporting is not supported by IFRS or GAAP regulations, but with the goal to improve the financial performance ofShow MoreRelatedInternational Financial Reporting Standards Ifrs2112 Words   |  9 PagesInternational Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) According to AICPA, â€Å"International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) are a set of accounting standards developed by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) that is becoming the global standard for the preparation of public company financial statements (www.ifrs.com).† Many countries and regions are presently using IFRS as the primary accounting standard in the preparation of external financial reporting (Fosbre et al., 2009). InRead MoreDo The Requirements Of Ifrs 8 Operating Segments Enhance Quality Of Information Available For Financial Statement Users?1744 Words   |  7 PagesDo the requirements of IFRS 8 Operating Segments enhance the quality of information available to financial statement users? Introduction The IFRS 8 is an international accounting standard, which requires entity, adopt management method when report operating segments’ financial performance to made the segmental information closer to the internal report of the entity. The IASB has substituted IFRS 8 for IAS 14 and combined the segment report request with the SFAS 131Read MoreMarket Reaction to the Adoption of Ifrs in Europe16957 Words   |  68 Pages2010.85.1.31 Market Reaction to the Adoption of IFRS in Europe Christopher S. Armstrong University of Pennsylvania Mary E. Barth Alan D. Jagolinzer Stanford University Edward J. Riedl Harvard University ABSTRACT: This study examines European stock market reactions to 16 events associated with the adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in Europe. European IFRS adoption represented a major milestone toward ï ¬ nancial reporting convergence yet spurred controversy reaching theRead MoreDifferences Between Gaap And Gaap1700 Words   |  7 Pages Differences between U.S. GAAP Revenue Recognition and IFRS Revenue Recognition Revenue recognition is the accounting principle that deals with the time and method to place income on the books once the earnings process is complete. The United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (U.S. GAAP) is a rule based system that accountants must adhere to when performing accounting tasks. The U.S. GAAP revenue recognition rules allows for exceptions to certain transactions and requires companiesRead MoreChanges in Accounting Principles: The International Accounting Standards Board1045 Words   |  4 PagesThe purpose of this paper is to discuss the changes in accounting for leases according to the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB). FASB published a release on May 16, 2013 proposing an improvement to the value and comparability of financial statements. The goal of the IASB and FASB was to provide a greater transparency about leverage, the assets an organization uses in its operations, and the risks to which it is exposed from enteringRead MoreIfrs Reporting1865 Words   |  8 Pageson of the differences in financial reporting between a Swiss company and the reporting in another country? Facts: Rob Carpenter senior manager at a prestigious accounting firm, recently transferred to the international division of acquisition and mergers. Mr. Carpenter was recently asked to make a recommendation regarding Nestle. Mr. Carpenter unfamiliar with the accounting in Switzerland has realized substantial differences between Swiss and U.S. accounting standards. Surprisingly, there areRead MoreAmortization And Impairment Of Goodwill3145 Words   |  13 PagesAmortization Versus Impairment of Goodwill: Impact on Accounting Quality, Financial Statements’ Economic Value, Investors, and Auditors Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) replaced all U.S. financial accounting standards in July 2009. Consequently, ASC 350, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other, replaced SFAS 142, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets in September 2011. Under ASC 350, goodwill must be periodically tested for impairment. Goodwill impairment is determined through a two-step processRead MoreEssay on Cross Border Valuation Issue9648 Words   |  39 PagesIt is important that the investor gain a strong understanding of a companies’ culture, its management and its employees. Additionally, there are nuances involved in managing assets, capabilities, and operational plans as well as in information reporting and sharing. These are issues that are prevalent in evaluating any business, but particularly for any organization engaged in extensive operations or investments across national borders or located in foreign environments. To help us gain a betterRead MoreGeneral Electric Financial Repor ting Analysis3933 Words   |  16 PagesTarget Company Selection Process The target company we decided on for our financial analysis is General Electric. At first we were looking at Starbucks, as it is a rapidly growing multinational corporation, but after some research we discovered that the earnings per share growth of Starbucks is 40.2%. Therefore Starbucks did not meet the requirement set at 50% EPS growth to be considered a truly â€Å"rapidly growing company†. We then continued our research and were able to find that General ElectricRead MoreIfrs Compared to Us Gaap209956 Words   |  840 PagesDocument 1 of 75 Source: International/Financial Reporting/KPMG Guidance/IFRS GAAP Comparisons/IFRS compared to U.S. GAAP The information contained herein is for internal and external use. IFRS compared to U.S. GAAP On the road to convergence About this publication Contents 1. Background 2. General issues 3. Statement of financial position 4. Specific items of profit or loss and comprehensive income 5. Special topics Appendix 1 - Abbreviations used for pronouncements Appendix 2 - IASB / FASB

Cause of Eating Disorders Essays - 877 Words

Cause of Eating Disorders In America, today we often hear of people who suffer from illness such as cancer, aids etc. what we often don’t hear about is the illness that effects a lot of people each year that being eating disorders. Whenever I hear about eating disorders it remains me of one of my cousin who had suffered from anorexia. It all started when her family and acquaintances started to say that she was fat and chubby. In her family everyone is very slim and tall so her brothers started teasing and calling her fatty and used to say that she need to loose weight otherwise nobody will marry her or even wants to be with her. She used to worry so much about her weight and wanted to loose weight. The only way she found for†¦show more content†¦For example they might loose fifty pounds and still think they are too fat. They eat very little, if any at all, but most of them claim that they do not get hungry. It is a very dangerous and serious disease. Sports are one of the factors that lead to eating disorders. Gymnasts and dancers have to maintain a small skinny frame. They tried to maintain or loose weight to a stay in shape. There are many other sports were athletes have eating disorders. Some examples are track, swimming, cross-country, youth football and other sports. In order to maintain their weight most of them eat less and they over exercise to keep them in shape. Another cause of this sometimes-fatal disease has to do with body image and peer pressure. A person with eating disorder typically suffers from a body image disturbance that can impact many areas his or her life. Most women are given the message at a very young age that in order to be happy and successful, they must be thin. For example, every time you walk into a store you are surrounded by the images of emaciated models that appear on the front cover of all the fashion magazines. Thousands of teenage girls are starving themselves this very minute trying to attain what fashion industry considers to be the â€Å"ideal† figure. The average model weights less than an average woman does. Teenagers need to realize society’s ideal body image is not achievable. The photos we see in theShow MoreRelatedCauses of Eating Disorders643 Words   |  3 PagesCauses of eating disorders. The things that are contributing greatly to the increase of eating disorders is the media. Many teenagers grow up being influenced by magazines, movies, and models and they think that the only way that society will accept them is if they look exactly like those people. They have the fear of becoming fat and being bullied. These kids are genuinely scared to grow up and have to face body changes. there is also the other part of these disorders. Not all people who have anRead MoreThe Causes of Eating Disorders 1295 Words   |  5 PagesEating disorders have been around for well over a century, and affect tons of people around your neighborhood, town, county, state, or even country that walk, talk, and act just like you. The two big dogs of eating disorders are anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, which affect young boys and girls alike that cannot control their feelings when it comes to food. Some decide that food is not their thing, which is known as anorexia; and, some people have a love/hate relationship with food, better knownRead MoreCauses And Consequences Of Eating Disorders1608 Words   |  7 Pages The eating disorders, Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa are psychological life threatening disorders that are becoming more common in today’s society. When an eating disorder is developed, the victim is not always aware of the oral consequences he or she will have to endure. This review of research indicates the risks and consequences associated with eating disorders and oral health. Introduction It is estimated that up to 24 million Americans suffer from serious eating disorders suchRead More The Cause of Eating Disorders Essay591 Words   |  3 PagesThe Cause of Eating Disorders Although the causes are many and varied, we know that people with eating disorders often use food and the control of food in an attempt to compensate for feelings and emotions that may otherwise seem overwhelming. For some, dieting, bingeing and purging may begin as a way to cope with painful emotions and a way to feel in control of ones life, but ultimately, these behaviors will damage a persons physical and emotional health, self-esteem and sense of competenceRead More The Causes of Eating Disorders Essay1994 Words   |  8 PagesThe Causes of Eating Disorders There is no single cause for eating disorders. A number of factors, including cultural and family pressures, chemical imbalances, and emotional and personality disorders collaborate to produce both anorexia and bulimia, although each disorder is determined by different combinations of these influences. Genetics may also play a small role. Between 40% to 96% of all eating-disordered patients experience depression and anxiety disorders; depression is also commonRead MoreCauses of Eating Disorders Eating disorders are several types of severe eating illnesses that700 Words   |  3 PagesCauses of Eating Disorders Eating disorders are several types of severe eating illnesses that cause people to maintain focus on only their diet and weight. Some prime examples of eating disorders are anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating. Anorexia nervosa is a type of eating disorder where people are so focused on their weight that they refuse to eat or eat as little as possible, bulimia nervosa is similar to anorexia except instead of eating so little people binge eat and then forceRead MoreCauses And Treatments Of Binge Eating Disorder922 Words   |  4 Pagessound fun to you? Life is difficult without having an eating disorder. Growing up eating everything I could get my hands on caused health problems for me now that I am older. Binge eating and anorexia are serious eating disorders that cause physical, behavioral, and psychological problems. The most common disorder is binge eating. Binge eating disorder (BED) is consuming large quantities of food in a short period of time. People find that over eating is a comfort zone for them. The problems AmericansRead MoreCause and Effect Essay on Eating Disorders1551 Words   |  7 PagesThe distinctions between eating disorders can be complex. While anorexia and bulimia may have some issues in common, other factors make them distinct. For parents, trying to understand the differences can be crucial. Early detection and proper treatment significantly improve the chances for a child to recover. Bulimia and anorexia are both very dangerous, and can be life threatening. Both are very common among teens and young adults. Eating disorders are becoming more familiar for this generationRead MoreThe Causes Of Eating Disorders In College Women1444 Words   |  6 PagesEating Disorders in College Women Bingeing. Purging. Calorie counting. Excessive exercising. These are actions that are most commonly associated with eating disorders, which are psychological conditions affecting an individual’s eating habits. Though these conditions can appear in any age or gender group, they tend to be most prevalent in adolescent women. A large population of these young women happen to be college students dealing with problems such as body image issues, food insecurity, andRead MoreEating Disorders Looking Mainly At Their Causes1387 Words   |  6 PagesFor this paper, I chose to focus on eating disorders looking mainly at their causes. Based on personal experience, I feel that these disorders are stereotyped very heavily in our society, and that public awareness of their causes lacking. Growing up I was always very thin, due to a high metabolism and a small bone structure; traits which ran in my family. Many times, people would make fun of me and even call me anorexic. However, I was no t anorexic or bulimic, I was just a thin child, and am still

Benefits Of Hip Hop - 784 Words

Music is human’s universal language no matter where people are from it has some type of effect on them. One genre of music that effects some people is Hip hop; it allows others to express themselves and to feel more confident. Hip hop has extensive positive benefits for society; it allows the artists to speak about problems in the world like injustices, crime, or poverty, and it also helps with exercise by allowing the participant to accomplish aerobic and anaerobic benefits; furthermore, hip hop helps with therapy. To begin, Hip hop can benefit society by allowing people to address problems in the world. Countless artists like Tupac, J. Cole, and Jadakiss have made songs to address injustices towards certain races, political problems,†¦show more content†¦The musical genre of hip hop is beneficial for dance classes like Zumba because hip hop is extremely upbeat and allows the participants to keep moving. As a result, of the constant movement it allows the participant s body to take oxygen in and transport it to the muscles, which allows them to burn fat. This combination of hip hop and aerobic exercise can be exceedingly beneficial to participants health. Bennett agrees by saying â€Å"it can help [partakers] lose weight, lower [their] blood pressure, reduce †¦ stress and even give [them] a boost of energy† (Bennett 2). With fun alternatives to working out people are more likely to exercise because it won’t feel like working out; it will feel like having fun. In addition to being beneficial to people through aerobic exercise hip hop is also advantageous through anaerobic exercise. Anaerobic exercise is a workout that does not require oxygen and improves speed, power, and strength. Hip hop dance classes work anaerobically by building up muscle mass from going beyond a normal workout or by learning complicated dance routines. Anaerobic exercise can be just as valuable as aerobic exercise because it builds ups the strength in the thighs, glutes, and calves. The best part of hip hop dance is it does not harshly affect the partakers feet or knees; making it certainly an especially fun way of putting a spin on working out. Lastly, hip hop benefits society through musicalShow MoreRelatedThe Hip Hop Generation And Its Impact On Society1371 Words   |  6 PagesDominiquie Gray English- 102 Argumentative Essay 6 December 2015 The Hip Hop Generation and its Impact on Society. Throughout history, Hip Hop has manifest into more than a simple form of life, but as a powerful cultural movement. Hip Hop plays a major part in African American culture, dialogue, fashion, and self expression. Today, Hip Hop has a joined people of many nationalities, races, and ethnicities as a society. The Hip Hop Generation has begun to redefine African American cultural normsRead MoreThe Impact Of Hip Hop Music On America1491 Words   |  6 Pagesdescended from all African culture and tradition. Today, Hip-hop music in America is generally considered to have been pioneered out of New York s South Bronx in the early 1970’s by a Jamaican-born DJ Herc. By the time mid-1970s, New York s hip-hop gained wide-spread popularity and the scene was dominated by seminal turn-tablists DJs Grandmaster Flash, Herc and Afrika Bambaataa. The rappers of a group named â€Å"Sugarhill Gang† produced hip-hop s first commercially successful hit, Rapper s DelightRead MoreThe Origi nation Of Hip Hop1237 Words   |  5 PagesThe Origination of Hip Hop Laresia Parks English III, Period 05 2 December 2015 Hip hop finds its ethnic origins in Jamaican music and DJs in the seventies who used two turntables to create longer drum breaks in records for dance parties giving rise to â€Å"break dancing† and â€Å"break dancers† now known as b-boys and b-girls (A Closer Look At a New Hip Hop Movement). DJs and MCs popularized the technique of speaking over beats and the culture expanded to include street dance and graffiti art. EmbracedRead MoreHip Hop Essay955 Words   |  4 PagesIn the last three decades, Hip Hop music has evolved into one of the largest youth influencers. Uplifting the youth, Hip Hop provides a voice to a group of people trying to deliver a message. Whether it is politcally, culturally, racially, or socially, the music speaks for people with a variety of beliefs and passions. Hip Hop and Rap music espands people’s horizons, and promotes the idea of equality between interacial communities. The Hip-Hop music movements emergence can be traced back to theRead MoreHip Hop Is Not Going Anywhere1545 Words   |  7 PagesSince Old School’s Hip Hop conception, the genre has gone way beyond what the genre’s originators could have imagined. Each period since the founding of Hip Hop has added to the evolution of the culture and have altered it into something that is more than just a hobby, but a mindset and a part of life that cannot be separated from many different cultures globally. In 1977, popular Hip Hop MCs and Djs lived in poverty in New York and in 2016 artist like Sean Combs, Dr. Dre, and Jay-Z are worth $2Read MoreEvolution of Hip-Hop1215 Words   |  5 PagesEvolution of Hip-Hop From where it started to where it is now, Cuban hip-hop has transformed greatly. Without the United States, hip-hop in Cuba certainly would not be where it is today. The United States is the hub of hip-hop and helped to jumpstart hip-hop in Cuba. While this is true, hip-hop in the United States completely differs from that of Cuba for the better. Even though hip-hop in Cuba did not start from much, the amount of development and influence this music has towards Cuba is immeasurableRead MoreHip Hop Culture823 Words   |  4 Pages I am Hip Hop. Hip Hop is my culture. â€Å"At heavens gate, saying please Lord let me in, Or send me back to tell my people to be better men, Cause we are - Misunderstood, Misunderstood, Dont let me be misunderstood, Im just human (Common)† Hip Hop is not just music, it is a way of life. It is a spiritual connection we share with everything. It is being one hundred percent true, original and organic with oneself. Its the way one acts with others and with oneself. It is self-love, self-knowledgeRead MoreTaking a Look at Hip Hop Culture1300 Words   |  5 PagesHip Hop Culture As I was growing up in the late 1970’s, it has always been common knowledge that hip hop music and its culture originated in the South Bronx section of New York City in the early 1970’s. Since this time, hip hop has become a multi-cultural fusion of many different contributions made by several ethnic groups like Caucasians, Asians, blacks, and Hispanics, to name just a few. Hip-hop has definitely exploded within many cultures and subcultures throughout the world and within the pastRead MoreThe New Black Of Music1280 Words   |  6 Pagessocial media points about cultural appropriation of minority cultures by white artist in pop and hip-hop records. The fear for hip-hop and rap is what happened to past genres that have black roots like, country, rock, and soul music –, which are all now predominantly white. There are hip hop artist like Harlem native female rapper, Azaelia Banks, who believes that there is no place for white artist in hip hop. There are also music appreciators, like the Internet s Busiest Music Nerd and politicallyRead MoreThe Mafia s Influence On Hip Hop1603 Words   |  7 PagesThe Mafia’s influence on Hip-Hop In Rap, there is a unique culture, history, social impact and influence on society. Hip-Hop/Rap is one of the most popular genre of music. It has helped shape the pop culture into what it is today. What is popular culture? The ideas, activities or products, which are popular among the general mass. In today’s pop culture, one subject that is at the top of the list is hip-hop/rap. Hip-Hop music highlights verses consisting of slang and catchy phrases, which some

Company Law Business Trade and Organization

Question: Describe about the Company Law for Business Trade and Organization. Answer: 1. In the situation the kind of trade organization which Ayesha and Dilara were operating in regard to the winery can be a partnership or a corporation. However, the executive structures which were preferred for the winery can be determined by the size and desires of the owners of the trade as, with small wineries it was mostly observed that it would be a partnership or a corporation forms.[1] So, in this case the form of trade prevailing was Partnership as a partnership engages two or more individuals who were entering into a business with a view to earn income. It includes a control something among two or more individuals in order to enter into a lawfully binding association and was basically control something dual in nature. In the case of Green v Beesley[2] it was held that it has been understood by an adjudicator that the definition of partnership was to be regarded as a joint contribution yet the participants do not make a lawful entity when they create a partnership. While determining the existence of a partnership it has been stated that three elements must be satisfied in order to constitute a valid partnership which includes: The carrying on of a trade; In common; With a view to earn income and if any one of them would be found missing then no partnership would be constituted. Therefore, it has been concluded that in the current situation Ayesha and Dilara were operating a partnership business. As partnership has been regarded as an organization of the people or entities formed for the rationale of carrying on a trade venture or trade to do something in common with a view to earn income. Each partner has been permitted to take part in the management of the partnership. From an assortment of advantages and disadvantages in regard to partnership it has been clearly mentioned that selling of partnership has been one of the main disadvantage of partnership trade; as, it has been difficult to transmit an interest in a partnership as compared to transition shares in a corporation. The main motive for this was because there was a small market for marketing the sale of a partnership interest besides advertisements in solicitors journals. Also, one of the biggest consequences of a partnership was that it would end to exist every time whenever a change takes place the membership process. If a partner desires to include or eliminate an individual from partnership, a partner must liquefy the current partnership and create a new one this was done by carrying out a new partnership agreement. At the same time the partners have no privilege to transfer their ownership to someone outside the partnership unless the either partners have the same opinion. So, therefore, it can be concluded that the current form of business structure would not be appropriate for selling a part of business as in partnership consent of all the partners would be required. So a different form of trade structure should be followed which can be corporation or to form a company as in formation of company if the executives or the employers of the corporation do not want to sell out the business than also they would do so by gaining the votes of the majority and if any of the other director disagree to the point of sale. Then also sale can be done if the majority agrees unlike the partnership. As specified above that in a partnership there was a transfer of interest which takes place whereas in a corporation as per section 1072F[3] there has been a transfer of share from one person to another. As, if the partners would not make a transfer from each of their shares which they hold there cannot do an addition of any other person to the business. So, in order to add and to invite a person to be part of a business both the partners have to make some contribution of their shares which they hold and allow the person to be a part of their business. Therefore, as both Dilara and Aysha were excited to add Polat to their business because of his money which he would invest and attain expertise which was a need for the business so they should consider corporation as their business structure which one they can form for operating their business and for that they should dissolve their earlier forms of businesses that was partnership which was prevailing as a result of inheritance which they attained from their grandfather Ankit. 2. A shareholder of a corporation gets pleasure from a number of privileges and authority in a corporation in substitute for its speculation in the corporation. He was also regarded as a part proprietor of a corporation and he must be a lawful entity and may be a natural person or a corporation. As a general rule, shareholders benefit from some privileges which were attached to the different classes of shares the rights include: Selection on the main issues and presence at the shareholders meetings; Privilege to transmit possession; Entitlement to dividends and other distributions, etc. As per section 254T[4], dividends can be paid by a corporation to its shareholders if: The corporations possessions exceed its charges; The dividend was reasonable and rational to the corporations shareholders as a whole; The sum of the dividend does not significantly discriminate the corporations aptitude to pay its creditors. Section 588G[5] of the Act states the directors obligation in order to avert insolvent trading made by the corporation when the corporation sustains arrears; corporation was bankrupt etc.[6] Similarly if a shareholder was restricted by the corporation from engaging in a detailed activity or from doing something then he may go to the court for asking assistance as these orders can be made by the court for such actions under section 233[7] of the Act . Shareholders may seek a remedy in situations where the controller of a corporation unlawfully abuse their position of power or violation their duties. The oppression remedies in Part 2F.1 of the Corporations Act 2001 offers a crucial defense for the civil liberties of the shareholders. Section 234[8] of the Act outlines who may apply for an order made under section 232[9]. The applicants include the shareholder, if a person was removed, etc. It also permits a court to award relief to the applicants if it was the view that the demeanor of the corporation affair or an Actual or planned do something or omission by or on behalf of the corporation was either divergent to the significance of the shareholders as a whole or was repressive to unjustly detrimental or wrongly prejudiced. In the case of Jaques v AIG Australia Ltd[10] it was held that a non-executive director was a director sovereign of commercial administration who do not take part in the daily management but they provide stability and autonomy to the boards verdict making procedure. Therefore, it can be concluded that the party can go to the court for asking relief and also at the same time can ask for accomplishment of restraining the executives from abusing their position[11] and carrying out the rights of the shareholders as they were appropriate to assert their dividend which was limited to be paid for the private benefit of the executives which clearly indicates that they have violated their duty of not gaining personal benefit which was expressly mentioned in section 180[12] of the Act for acting in good faith of the corporation and its members.[13] 3. Executives administrate a corporation and represent the shareholders of that corporation. The corporations Act 2001 affirms in section 198A (1)[14] that the trade of a corporation was to be administered by or under the administration of the executives. All the executives have assured the fundamental lawful obligations and everyday jobs. The obligation and tasks forced on executives under the Corporations Act 2001 pertain to diverse managerial arrangements such as public corporations. Corporations Act 2001 also specifies numerous duties of executives which he should perform but the main duty was to do something with devotion and in good faith i.e. to be fiduciary in order to do something in good faith in the paramount interest of the corporation act for an appropriate reason; preserve prudence; keep away from conflict of awareness.[15] In the case of Hospital Products Ltd v United States Surgical Corp[16] it has been affirmed that director has been regarded as an representative of the principal so he have been granted by common law a obligation to do something in best interest of the members and the corporation. The Liability of the executives of TACH Ltd includes the fiduciary duty of the director such as: Obligation to sustain prudence; Obligation to evade conflict of concern etc, whereas the lawful duty of a director includes: To do something with proper amount of concern and carefulness that a sensible individual might be predictable to demonstrate as per its function (s 180)[17]. The same obligation was forced on executives at the general law. The business Judgment rule offers a secure haven for an executive in association to a declaration at universal law[18]; To do something in good faith in the finest interest of the corporation and for a appropriate reason counting to keep away from disagreement of concern and to disclose and administer variance if they take place. This was both an obligation of reliability and hope, known as a fiduciary obligation which was forced by universal law and an obligation requisite in the ruling (s 181)[19]; Not to incongruously make use of their place in order to manage an help for themselves to Cause difficulty to the corporation (s 182)[20]; Not to abuse the data which they achieve in the course of their director obligations in order to achieve an benefit for themselves or somebody else or to the disadvantage to the corporation (s 183)[21]; Not to recklessly or intentionally fraudulently mistreats their position or data they expanded as it would amount to criminal offence (s 184)[22]; To depend on the data or proposition provided by others if it was made in good faith was reasonable unless converse proved. If a director depends on the data or the professional recommendation which was decided or equipped by worker of the corporation whom the executive considers on sensible basis to be dependable and capable in connection to the issues alarmed or a specialized consultant in relation to the matter which the director believes on a sensible ground to be Within the individuals specialized or specialist capability; Another director or official in relation to the substance within the executives or officers power; A group of executives on which the director did not supply in relation to the issues within the groups power And the dependence was made in good faith then the directors dependence on the data if guidance was taken to be sensible unless proved. (189)[23]; Section 588G describes the executives duty in order to avoid insolvent trading by the corporation which includes if the corporation earn amount outstanding; the corporation was insolvent at the time or by acquiring at that point in time amount outstanding counting that arrears and that occasion was at or after the instigation of the do something . Section 286[24] of the corporations Act states that a corporation must maintain non-verbal monetary proceedings that appropriately witness and clarify its dealings and economic position and do something and would facilitate accurate and aid economic declarations to be equipped and reviewed. A malfunction of an executive to take all the sensible steps to guarantee a corporation fulfils the above prerequisite violates the Corporation Act. As per section 1317E[25] some proclamations have been made which would amount to encroachment and economic penalty orders have been outlined under s 1317G[26] for such contraventions which would be pertinent on the executives. As per the business Judgment rule courts would not value the qualities of the trade results made by the executives so the director must do something in the finest significance of the corporation. This defense only was pertinent where there was an infringement of the duty of care under section 180. And majorly defenses have been depicted under section 1318[27] of the Act which asserts the authority to honor liberation. Malfunction to obey with the requirement can have strict penalty comprising up to 5 years jail time, unlawful and common penalties of up to $200,000, ineligibility from supervising a corporation and may also ultimately leave a director individually accountable for the corporations debts. In the case of ASIC v Rich[28] it was affirmed that the Chairman have high standards than minimum and their duties include observing the general performance of the board, flow of economic data to board etc. And as per the matter of ASIC v Adler[29], where it was clearly stated that the managing director have the overall duty for the daily management of the corporations trade so serena being the chairman and the director of the corporation and Blair being the director being should have worked and acted for the benefit of the corporation. But in the current case only Blair acted in good faith and Serena did not as she had a personal interest involved which has been a business rule of section 180. In another case of Healey v ASIC[30] the court held the director has violated s 180 of the Act as he have a duty to read and focus on the contents of the statements which they were going to be approving. So as a consequence of breaching the duty of care the director would be liable for civil penalty provisions enforced by ASIC. Wherein the corporation can ask the court to: Disqualify an individual from administering the corporation; Pay penalty of up to $200K; Pay compensation for loss.[31] And if the violation of common law the duty was enforced by the corporation the corporation can ask for Compensation and damages. As per section 347A[32] of Corporation Act executives must yearly state that the corporation would be able to disburse its debts as and when they befall unpaid and owed. This obligation has led the courts to terminate that the executives must be adequately conscious of the corporations concern in order to do something suitably if there were sensible justifications to believe that the corporation was not bankrupt which was clearly held in the case of Commonwealth Bank v Friedrich.[33] In another case of ASIC v Rich[34] it was purposely mentioned that executives of a corporation must observe the corporations economic position. When bankruptcy pressures, the board must scrutinize: Reliability of corporations financial position; management and monthly management financial records etc. Therefore, it can be concluded that Erol have breached his obligation to do something in good faith and make disclosure of the loss incurred and also Venessa as she failed to ask any question about the statement and signed the document without reading it. And they would be liable and punished for the act they have done with the civil penalty as they did not identify the mistake and authorise further investment in the lass making trade ventures as a result of which the corporation became insolvent. 4. An inspection of the accounts was primarily intended for the use of the clients, the corporation whose accounts have been audited.[35] The auditor was obliged to the audit customer an obligation of concern in tort law and also under the stipulations of an agreement on inspection. However, a variety of parties other than the audit client may also depend on the audited accounts. The auditors liability if any, to third party can occur only in tort law as there was no privity of agreement among the examiner and the third party.[36] The statement delineating the exterior boundary of an auditors obligation in tort may be drawn in many possible areas. The narrowest possible approach was to hold that the auditor owes an obligation of concern in tort to the audit client only. As per this approach known to be privity test, the respondent auditor be obliged the applicant a obligation of concern in tort law only if there was also privity of agreement something among the parties. As a consequence, there was no obligation to third parties in tort. In this case of Ultramares Corporation v Touche[37] the judge made a famous statement that to seize an auditor accountable in tort law to anybody other than the audit customer would be to depict auditors to the obligation in an undefined amount for an undefined time to an undefined class. Beyond the privity test, there was obligation to the third party in some form or another, and there were many probable tests for the survival of an obligation of concern. In the case of Haig v Bamford[38] it was held that from the establishment it emerges that numerous probable test could be functional to restrict an obligation of concern on the part of accountants against the third party such as: Forseeability of the make use of monetary statement and the auditor details thereon by the applicant and dependence thereon; Actual knowledge of the incomplete class that would use of the declaration Actual information of the particular applicant who would use and depend on the statement. Under the law of tort auditors can be prosecuted to do something of neglect if they violate an obligation of concern towards a third party who as a result experience some form of defeat.[39] There has been an increasing trend of litigation that was costing the audit professional billions.[40] So, it was concluded that although the auditors owed a duty of concern towards the consumers but not usually the third parties and the auditor would have to pay to the third party in case of any negligent act , Yes it was agreed that this concept was accurate as it was the auditing profession whose statements were mostly used by the third parties only However, the principle stated in the case of Caparo Industries plc v Dickman[41] would presumably be of general application so that they would govern the liability of all the professional to the parties other than immediate clients.