Cause of Eating Disorders Essays - 877 Words

Cause of Eating Disorders In America, today we often hear of people who suffer from illness such as cancer, aids etc. what we often don’t hear about is the illness that effects a lot of people each year that being eating disorders. Whenever I hear about eating disorders it remains me of one of my cousin who had suffered from anorexia. It all started when her family and acquaintances started to say that she was fat and chubby. In her family everyone is very slim and tall so her brothers started teasing and calling her fatty and used to say that she need to loose weight otherwise nobody will marry her or even wants to be with her. She used to worry so much about her weight and wanted to loose weight. The only way she found for†¦show more content†¦For example they might loose fifty pounds and still think they are too fat. They eat very little, if any at all, but most of them claim that they do not get hungry. It is a very dangerous and serious disease. Sports are one of the factors that lead to eating disorders. Gymnasts and dancers have to maintain a small skinny frame. They tried to maintain or loose weight to a stay in shape. There are many other sports were athletes have eating disorders. Some examples are track, swimming, cross-country, youth football and other sports. In order to maintain their weight most of them eat less and they over exercise to keep them in shape. Another cause of this sometimes-fatal disease has to do with body image and peer pressure. A person with eating disorder typically suffers from a body image disturbance that can impact many areas his or her life. Most women are given the message at a very young age that in order to be happy and successful, they must be thin. For example, every time you walk into a store you are surrounded by the images of emaciated models that appear on the front cover of all the fashion magazines. Thousands of teenage girls are starving themselves this very minute trying to attain what fashion industry considers to be the â€Å"ideal† figure. The average model weights less than an average woman does. Teenagers need to realize society’s ideal body image is not achievable. The photos we see in theShow MoreRelatedCauses of Eating Disorders643 Words   |  3 PagesCauses of eating disorders. The things that are contributing greatly to the increase of eating disorders is the media. Many teenagers grow up being influenced by magazines, movies, and models and they think that the only way that society will accept them is if they look exactly like those people. They have the fear of becoming fat and being bullied. These kids are genuinely scared to grow up and have to face body changes. there is also the other part of these disorders. Not all people who have anRead MoreThe Causes of Eating Disorders 1295 Words   |  5 PagesEating disorders have been around for well over a century, and affect tons of people around your neighborhood, town, county, state, or even country that walk, talk, and act just like you. The two big dogs of eating disorders are anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, which affect young boys and girls alike that cannot control their feelings when it comes to food. Some decide that food is not their thing, which is known as anorexia; and, some people have a love/hate relationship with food, better knownRead MoreCauses And Consequences Of Eating Disorders1608 Words   |  7 Pages The eating disorders, Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa are psychological life threatening disorders that are becoming more common in today’s society. When an eating disorder is developed, the victim is not always aware of the oral consequences he or she will have to endure. This review of research indicates the risks and consequences associated with eating disorders and oral health. Introduction It is estimated that up to 24 million Americans suffer from serious eating disorders suchRead More The Cause of Eating Disorders Essay591 Words   |  3 PagesThe Cause of Eating Disorders Although the causes are many and varied, we know that people with eating disorders often use food and the control of food in an attempt to compensate for feelings and emotions that may otherwise seem overwhelming. For some, dieting, bingeing and purging may begin as a way to cope with painful emotions and a way to feel in control of ones life, but ultimately, these behaviors will damage a persons physical and emotional health, self-esteem and sense of competenceRead More The Causes of Eating Disorders Essay1994 Words   |  8 PagesThe Causes of Eating Disorders There is no single cause for eating disorders. A number of factors, including cultural and family pressures, chemical imbalances, and emotional and personality disorders collaborate to produce both anorexia and bulimia, although each disorder is determined by different combinations of these influences. Genetics may also play a small role. Between 40% to 96% of all eating-disordered patients experience depression and anxiety disorders; depression is also commonRead MoreCauses of Eating Disorders Eating disorders are several types of severe eating illnesses that700 Words   |  3 PagesCauses of Eating Disorders Eating disorders are several types of severe eating illnesses that cause people to maintain focus on only their diet and weight. Some prime examples of eating disorders are anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating. Anorexia nervosa is a type of eating disorder where people are so focused on their weight that they refuse to eat or eat as little as possible, bulimia nervosa is similar to anorexia except instead of eating so little people binge eat and then forceRead MoreCauses And Treatments Of Binge Eating Disorder922 Words   |  4 Pagessound fun to you? Life is difficult without having an eating disorder. Growing up eating everything I could get my hands on caused health problems for me now that I am older. Binge eating and anorexia are serious eating disorders that cause physical, behavioral, and psychological problems. The most common disorder is binge eating. Binge eating disorder (BED) is consuming large quantities of food in a short period of time. People find that over eating is a comfort zone for them. The problems AmericansRead MoreCause and Effect Essay on Eating Disorders1551 Words   |  7 PagesThe distinctions between eating disorders can be complex. While anorexia and bulimia may have some issues in common, other factors make them distinct. For parents, trying to understand the differences can be crucial. Early detection and proper treatment significantly improve the chances for a child to recover. Bulimia and anorexia are both very dangerous, and can be life threatening. Both are very common among teens and young adults. Eating disorders are becoming more familiar for this generationRead MoreThe Causes Of Eating Disorders In College Women1444 Words   |  6 PagesEating Disorders in College Women Bingeing. Purging. Calorie counting. Excessive exercising. These are actions that are most commonly associated with eating disorders, which are psychological conditions affecting an individual’s eating habits. Though these conditions can appear in any age or gender group, they tend to be most prevalent in adolescent women. A large population of these young women happen to be college students dealing with problems such as body image issues, food insecurity, andRead MoreEating Disorders Looking Mainly At Their Causes1387 Words   |  6 PagesFor this paper, I chose to focus on eating disorders looking mainly at their causes. Based on personal experience, I feel that these disorders are stereotyped very heavily in our society, and that public awareness of their causes lacking. Growing up I was always very thin, due to a high metabolism and a small bone structure; traits which ran in my family. Many times, people would make fun of me and even call me anorexic. However, I was no t anorexic or bulimic, I was just a thin child, and am still

Benefits Of Hip Hop - 784 Words

Music is human’s universal language no matter where people are from it has some type of effect on them. One genre of music that effects some people is Hip hop; it allows others to express themselves and to feel more confident. Hip hop has extensive positive benefits for society; it allows the artists to speak about problems in the world like injustices, crime, or poverty, and it also helps with exercise by allowing the participant to accomplish aerobic and anaerobic benefits; furthermore, hip hop helps with therapy. To begin, Hip hop can benefit society by allowing people to address problems in the world. Countless artists like Tupac, J. Cole, and Jadakiss have made songs to address injustices towards certain races, political problems,†¦show more content†¦The musical genre of hip hop is beneficial for dance classes like Zumba because hip hop is extremely upbeat and allows the participants to keep moving. As a result, of the constant movement it allows the participant s body to take oxygen in and transport it to the muscles, which allows them to burn fat. This combination of hip hop and aerobic exercise can be exceedingly beneficial to participants health. Bennett agrees by saying â€Å"it can help [partakers] lose weight, lower [their] blood pressure, reduce †¦ stress and even give [them] a boost of energy† (Bennett 2). With fun alternatives to working out people are more likely to exercise because it won’t feel like working out; it will feel like having fun. In addition to being beneficial to people through aerobic exercise hip hop is also advantageous through anaerobic exercise. Anaerobic exercise is a workout that does not require oxygen and improves speed, power, and strength. Hip hop dance classes work anaerobically by building up muscle mass from going beyond a normal workout or by learning complicated dance routines. Anaerobic exercise can be just as valuable as aerobic exercise because it builds ups the strength in the thighs, glutes, and calves. The best part of hip hop dance is it does not harshly affect the partakers feet or knees; making it certainly an especially fun way of putting a spin on working out. Lastly, hip hop benefits society through musicalShow MoreRelatedThe Hip Hop Generation And Its Impact On Society1371 Words   |  6 PagesDominiquie Gray English- 102 Argumentative Essay 6 December 2015 The Hip Hop Generation and its Impact on Society. Throughout history, Hip Hop has manifest into more than a simple form of life, but as a powerful cultural movement. Hip Hop plays a major part in African American culture, dialogue, fashion, and self expression. Today, Hip Hop has a joined people of many nationalities, races, and ethnicities as a society. The Hip Hop Generation has begun to redefine African American cultural normsRead MoreThe Impact Of Hip Hop Music On America1491 Words   |  6 Pagesdescended from all African culture and tradition. Today, Hip-hop music in America is generally considered to have been pioneered out of New York s South Bronx in the early 1970’s by a Jamaican-born DJ Herc. By the time mid-1970s, New York s hip-hop gained wide-spread popularity and the scene was dominated by seminal turn-tablists DJs Grandmaster Flash, Herc and Afrika Bambaataa. The rappers of a group named â€Å"Sugarhill Gang† produced hip-hop s first commercially successful hit, Rapper s DelightRead MoreThe Origi nation Of Hip Hop1237 Words   |  5 PagesThe Origination of Hip Hop Laresia Parks English III, Period 05 2 December 2015 Hip hop finds its ethnic origins in Jamaican music and DJs in the seventies who used two turntables to create longer drum breaks in records for dance parties giving rise to â€Å"break dancing† and â€Å"break dancers† now known as b-boys and b-girls (A Closer Look At a New Hip Hop Movement). DJs and MCs popularized the technique of speaking over beats and the culture expanded to include street dance and graffiti art. EmbracedRead MoreHip Hop Essay955 Words   |  4 PagesIn the last three decades, Hip Hop music has evolved into one of the largest youth influencers. Uplifting the youth, Hip Hop provides a voice to a group of people trying to deliver a message. Whether it is politcally, culturally, racially, or socially, the music speaks for people with a variety of beliefs and passions. Hip Hop and Rap music espands people’s horizons, and promotes the idea of equality between interacial communities. The Hip-Hop music movements emergence can be traced back to theRead MoreHip Hop Is Not Going Anywhere1545 Words   |  7 PagesSince Old School’s Hip Hop conception, the genre has gone way beyond what the genre’s originators could have imagined. Each period since the founding of Hip Hop has added to the evolution of the culture and have altered it into something that is more than just a hobby, but a mindset and a part of life that cannot be separated from many different cultures globally. In 1977, popular Hip Hop MCs and Djs lived in poverty in New York and in 2016 artist like Sean Combs, Dr. Dre, and Jay-Z are worth $2Read MoreEvolution of Hip-Hop1215 Words   |  5 PagesEvolution of Hip-Hop From where it started to where it is now, Cuban hip-hop has transformed greatly. Without the United States, hip-hop in Cuba certainly would not be where it is today. The United States is the hub of hip-hop and helped to jumpstart hip-hop in Cuba. While this is true, hip-hop in the United States completely differs from that of Cuba for the better. Even though hip-hop in Cuba did not start from much, the amount of development and influence this music has towards Cuba is immeasurableRead MoreHip Hop Culture823 Words   |  4 Pages I am Hip Hop. Hip Hop is my culture. â€Å"At heavens gate, saying please Lord let me in, Or send me back to tell my people to be better men, Cause we are - Misunderstood, Misunderstood, Dont let me be misunderstood, Im just human (Common)† Hip Hop is not just music, it is a way of life. It is a spiritual connection we share with everything. It is being one hundred percent true, original and organic with oneself. Its the way one acts with others and with oneself. It is self-love, self-knowledgeRead MoreTaking a Look at Hip Hop Culture1300 Words   |  5 PagesHip Hop Culture As I was growing up in the late 1970’s, it has always been common knowledge that hip hop music and its culture originated in the South Bronx section of New York City in the early 1970’s. Since this time, hip hop has become a multi-cultural fusion of many different contributions made by several ethnic groups like Caucasians, Asians, blacks, and Hispanics, to name just a few. Hip-hop has definitely exploded within many cultures and subcultures throughout the world and within the pastRead MoreThe New Black Of Music1280 Words   |  6 Pagessocial media points about cultural appropriation of minority cultures by white artist in pop and hip-hop records. The fear for hip-hop and rap is what happened to past genres that have black roots like, country, rock, and soul music –, which are all now predominantly white. There are hip hop artist like Harlem native female rapper, Azaelia Banks, who believes that there is no place for white artist in hip hop. There are also music appreciators, like the Internet s Busiest Music Nerd and politicallyRead MoreThe Mafia s Influence On Hip Hop1603 Words   |  7 PagesThe Mafia’s influence on Hip-Hop In Rap, there is a unique culture, history, social impact and influence on society. Hip-Hop/Rap is one of the most popular genre of music. It has helped shape the pop culture into what it is today. What is popular culture? The ideas, activities or products, which are popular among the general mass. In today’s pop culture, one subject that is at the top of the list is hip-hop/rap. Hip-Hop music highlights verses consisting of slang and catchy phrases, which some

Company Law Business Trade and Organization

Question: Describe about the Company Law for Business Trade and Organization. Answer: 1. In the situation the kind of trade organization which Ayesha and Dilara were operating in regard to the winery can be a partnership or a corporation. However, the executive structures which were preferred for the winery can be determined by the size and desires of the owners of the trade as, with small wineries it was mostly observed that it would be a partnership or a corporation forms.[1] So, in this case the form of trade prevailing was Partnership as a partnership engages two or more individuals who were entering into a business with a view to earn income. It includes a control something among two or more individuals in order to enter into a lawfully binding association and was basically control something dual in nature. In the case of Green v Beesley[2] it was held that it has been understood by an adjudicator that the definition of partnership was to be regarded as a joint contribution yet the participants do not make a lawful entity when they create a partnership. While determining the existence of a partnership it has been stated that three elements must be satisfied in order to constitute a valid partnership which includes: The carrying on of a trade; In common; With a view to earn income and if any one of them would be found missing then no partnership would be constituted. Therefore, it has been concluded that in the current situation Ayesha and Dilara were operating a partnership business. As partnership has been regarded as an organization of the people or entities formed for the rationale of carrying on a trade venture or trade to do something in common with a view to earn income. Each partner has been permitted to take part in the management of the partnership. From an assortment of advantages and disadvantages in regard to partnership it has been clearly mentioned that selling of partnership has been one of the main disadvantage of partnership trade; as, it has been difficult to transmit an interest in a partnership as compared to transition shares in a corporation. The main motive for this was because there was a small market for marketing the sale of a partnership interest besides advertisements in solicitors journals. Also, one of the biggest consequences of a partnership was that it would end to exist every time whenever a change takes place the membership process. If a partner desires to include or eliminate an individual from partnership, a partner must liquefy the current partnership and create a new one this was done by carrying out a new partnership agreement. At the same time the partners have no privilege to transfer their ownership to someone outside the partnership unless the either partners have the same opinion. So, therefore, it can be concluded that the current form of business structure would not be appropriate for selling a part of business as in partnership consent of all the partners would be required. So a different form of trade structure should be followed which can be corporation or to form a company as in formation of company if the executives or the employers of the corporation do not want to sell out the business than also they would do so by gaining the votes of the majority and if any of the other director disagree to the point of sale. Then also sale can be done if the majority agrees unlike the partnership. As specified above that in a partnership there was a transfer of interest which takes place whereas in a corporation as per section 1072F[3] there has been a transfer of share from one person to another. As, if the partners would not make a transfer from each of their shares which they hold there cannot do an addition of any other person to the business. So, in order to add and to invite a person to be part of a business both the partners have to make some contribution of their shares which they hold and allow the person to be a part of their business. Therefore, as both Dilara and Aysha were excited to add Polat to their business because of his money which he would invest and attain expertise which was a need for the business so they should consider corporation as their business structure which one they can form for operating their business and for that they should dissolve their earlier forms of businesses that was partnership which was prevailing as a result of inheritance which they attained from their grandfather Ankit. 2. A shareholder of a corporation gets pleasure from a number of privileges and authority in a corporation in substitute for its speculation in the corporation. He was also regarded as a part proprietor of a corporation and he must be a lawful entity and may be a natural person or a corporation. As a general rule, shareholders benefit from some privileges which were attached to the different classes of shares the rights include: Selection on the main issues and presence at the shareholders meetings; Privilege to transmit possession; Entitlement to dividends and other distributions, etc. As per section 254T[4], dividends can be paid by a corporation to its shareholders if: The corporations possessions exceed its charges; The dividend was reasonable and rational to the corporations shareholders as a whole; The sum of the dividend does not significantly discriminate the corporations aptitude to pay its creditors. Section 588G[5] of the Act states the directors obligation in order to avert insolvent trading made by the corporation when the corporation sustains arrears; corporation was bankrupt etc.[6] Similarly if a shareholder was restricted by the corporation from engaging in a detailed activity or from doing something then he may go to the court for asking assistance as these orders can be made by the court for such actions under section 233[7] of the Act . Shareholders may seek a remedy in situations where the controller of a corporation unlawfully abuse their position of power or violation their duties. The oppression remedies in Part 2F.1 of the Corporations Act 2001 offers a crucial defense for the civil liberties of the shareholders. Section 234[8] of the Act outlines who may apply for an order made under section 232[9]. The applicants include the shareholder, if a person was removed, etc. It also permits a court to award relief to the applicants if it was the view that the demeanor of the corporation affair or an Actual or planned do something or omission by or on behalf of the corporation was either divergent to the significance of the shareholders as a whole or was repressive to unjustly detrimental or wrongly prejudiced. In the case of Jaques v AIG Australia Ltd[10] it was held that a non-executive director was a director sovereign of commercial administration who do not take part in the daily management but they provide stability and autonomy to the boards verdict making procedure. Therefore, it can be concluded that the party can go to the court for asking relief and also at the same time can ask for accomplishment of restraining the executives from abusing their position[11] and carrying out the rights of the shareholders as they were appropriate to assert their dividend which was limited to be paid for the private benefit of the executives which clearly indicates that they have violated their duty of not gaining personal benefit which was expressly mentioned in section 180[12] of the Act for acting in good faith of the corporation and its members.[13] 3. Executives administrate a corporation and represent the shareholders of that corporation. The corporations Act 2001 affirms in section 198A (1)[14] that the trade of a corporation was to be administered by or under the administration of the executives. All the executives have assured the fundamental lawful obligations and everyday jobs. The obligation and tasks forced on executives under the Corporations Act 2001 pertain to diverse managerial arrangements such as public corporations. Corporations Act 2001 also specifies numerous duties of executives which he should perform but the main duty was to do something with devotion and in good faith i.e. to be fiduciary in order to do something in good faith in the paramount interest of the corporation act for an appropriate reason; preserve prudence; keep away from conflict of awareness.[15] In the case of Hospital Products Ltd v United States Surgical Corp[16] it has been affirmed that director has been regarded as an representative of the principal so he have been granted by common law a obligation to do something in best interest of the members and the corporation. The Liability of the executives of TACH Ltd includes the fiduciary duty of the director such as: Obligation to sustain prudence; Obligation to evade conflict of concern etc, whereas the lawful duty of a director includes: To do something with proper amount of concern and carefulness that a sensible individual might be predictable to demonstrate as per its function (s 180)[17]. The same obligation was forced on executives at the general law. The business Judgment rule offers a secure haven for an executive in association to a declaration at universal law[18]; To do something in good faith in the finest interest of the corporation and for a appropriate reason counting to keep away from disagreement of concern and to disclose and administer variance if they take place. This was both an obligation of reliability and hope, known as a fiduciary obligation which was forced by universal law and an obligation requisite in the ruling (s 181)[19]; Not to incongruously make use of their place in order to manage an help for themselves to Cause difficulty to the corporation (s 182)[20]; Not to abuse the data which they achieve in the course of their director obligations in order to achieve an benefit for themselves or somebody else or to the disadvantage to the corporation (s 183)[21]; Not to recklessly or intentionally fraudulently mistreats their position or data they expanded as it would amount to criminal offence (s 184)[22]; To depend on the data or proposition provided by others if it was made in good faith was reasonable unless converse proved. If a director depends on the data or the professional recommendation which was decided or equipped by worker of the corporation whom the executive considers on sensible basis to be dependable and capable in connection to the issues alarmed or a specialized consultant in relation to the matter which the director believes on a sensible ground to be Within the individuals specialized or specialist capability; Another director or official in relation to the substance within the executives or officers power; A group of executives on which the director did not supply in relation to the issues within the groups power And the dependence was made in good faith then the directors dependence on the data if guidance was taken to be sensible unless proved. (189)[23]; Section 588G describes the executives duty in order to avoid insolvent trading by the corporation which includes if the corporation earn amount outstanding; the corporation was insolvent at the time or by acquiring at that point in time amount outstanding counting that arrears and that occasion was at or after the instigation of the do something . Section 286[24] of the corporations Act states that a corporation must maintain non-verbal monetary proceedings that appropriately witness and clarify its dealings and economic position and do something and would facilitate accurate and aid economic declarations to be equipped and reviewed. A malfunction of an executive to take all the sensible steps to guarantee a corporation fulfils the above prerequisite violates the Corporation Act. As per section 1317E[25] some proclamations have been made which would amount to encroachment and economic penalty orders have been outlined under s 1317G[26] for such contraventions which would be pertinent on the executives. As per the business Judgment rule courts would not value the qualities of the trade results made by the executives so the director must do something in the finest significance of the corporation. This defense only was pertinent where there was an infringement of the duty of care under section 180. And majorly defenses have been depicted under section 1318[27] of the Act which asserts the authority to honor liberation. Malfunction to obey with the requirement can have strict penalty comprising up to 5 years jail time, unlawful and common penalties of up to $200,000, ineligibility from supervising a corporation and may also ultimately leave a director individually accountable for the corporations debts. In the case of ASIC v Rich[28] it was affirmed that the Chairman have high standards than minimum and their duties include observing the general performance of the board, flow of economic data to board etc. And as per the matter of ASIC v Adler[29], where it was clearly stated that the managing director have the overall duty for the daily management of the corporations trade so serena being the chairman and the director of the corporation and Blair being the director being should have worked and acted for the benefit of the corporation. But in the current case only Blair acted in good faith and Serena did not as she had a personal interest involved which has been a business rule of section 180. In another case of Healey v ASIC[30] the court held the director has violated s 180 of the Act as he have a duty to read and focus on the contents of the statements which they were going to be approving. So as a consequence of breaching the duty of care the director would be liable for civil penalty provisions enforced by ASIC. Wherein the corporation can ask the court to: Disqualify an individual from administering the corporation; Pay penalty of up to $200K; Pay compensation for loss.[31] And if the violation of common law the duty was enforced by the corporation the corporation can ask for Compensation and damages. As per section 347A[32] of Corporation Act executives must yearly state that the corporation would be able to disburse its debts as and when they befall unpaid and owed. This obligation has led the courts to terminate that the executives must be adequately conscious of the corporations concern in order to do something suitably if there were sensible justifications to believe that the corporation was not bankrupt which was clearly held in the case of Commonwealth Bank v Friedrich.[33] In another case of ASIC v Rich[34] it was purposely mentioned that executives of a corporation must observe the corporations economic position. When bankruptcy pressures, the board must scrutinize: Reliability of corporations financial position; management and monthly management financial records etc. Therefore, it can be concluded that Erol have breached his obligation to do something in good faith and make disclosure of the loss incurred and also Venessa as she failed to ask any question about the statement and signed the document without reading it. And they would be liable and punished for the act they have done with the civil penalty as they did not identify the mistake and authorise further investment in the lass making trade ventures as a result of which the corporation became insolvent. 4. An inspection of the accounts was primarily intended for the use of the clients, the corporation whose accounts have been audited.[35] The auditor was obliged to the audit customer an obligation of concern in tort law and also under the stipulations of an agreement on inspection. However, a variety of parties other than the audit client may also depend on the audited accounts. The auditors liability if any, to third party can occur only in tort law as there was no privity of agreement among the examiner and the third party.[36] The statement delineating the exterior boundary of an auditors obligation in tort may be drawn in many possible areas. The narrowest possible approach was to hold that the auditor owes an obligation of concern in tort to the audit client only. As per this approach known to be privity test, the respondent auditor be obliged the applicant a obligation of concern in tort law only if there was also privity of agreement something among the parties. As a consequence, there was no obligation to third parties in tort. In this case of Ultramares Corporation v Touche[37] the judge made a famous statement that to seize an auditor accountable in tort law to anybody other than the audit customer would be to depict auditors to the obligation in an undefined amount for an undefined time to an undefined class. Beyond the privity test, there was obligation to the third party in some form or another, and there were many probable tests for the survival of an obligation of concern. In the case of Haig v Bamford[38] it was held that from the establishment it emerges that numerous probable test could be functional to restrict an obligation of concern on the part of accountants against the third party such as: Forseeability of the make use of monetary statement and the auditor details thereon by the applicant and dependence thereon; Actual knowledge of the incomplete class that would use of the declaration Actual information of the particular applicant who would use and depend on the statement. Under the law of tort auditors can be prosecuted to do something of neglect if they violate an obligation of concern towards a third party who as a result experience some form of defeat.[39] There has been an increasing trend of litigation that was costing the audit professional billions.[40] So, it was concluded that although the auditors owed a duty of concern towards the consumers but not usually the third parties and the auditor would have to pay to the third party in case of any negligent act , Yes it was agreed that this concept was accurate as it was the auditing profession whose statements were mostly used by the third parties only However, the principle stated in the case of Caparo Industries plc v Dickman[41] would presumably be of general application so that they would govern the liability of all the professional to the parties other than immediate clients.

U OF T PROFESSORS DEVISE BETTER WAY TO TEST SIGHT IN BABIES In A Darke Essay Example For Students

U OF T PROFESSORS DEVISE BETTER WAY TO TEST SIGHT IN BABIES In A Darke Essay U OF T PROFESSORS DEVISE BETTER WAY TO TEST SIGHT IN BABIES In a darkened room at Torontos Hospital forSickChildren, a baby, its head dotted with electrodes, sits in itsmothers lap and watches flashing black and white checkerboardsand stripes on a television screen. Soon after the test, doctorswill know if the child can see and how well it can see. The testing procedure, which involves measuring brain waveactivity prompted by visual stimuli (also called visual evokedpotentials or VEPs) has been perfected by Drs. Barry Skarf ofthe Department of Ophthalmology and Moshe Eizenman of U of TsInstituteTheir procedure is more accurate than tests used elsewherebecause Eizenman has developed a novel,real-time computerprogram to extract brain wave responses from extremely smallpatterns (similar in size to the bottom line of a standard eyetest) which produce much more reliable results.Until now,doctors would have to extrapolate the babys ability to seesmall stimuli from test results using large stimuli. In Effect,Dr. We will write a custom essay on U OF T PROFESSORS DEVISE BETTER WAY TO TEST SIGHT IN BABIES In A Darke specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Eizenman has developed a way of looking at brain waves thatis more sensitive than methods previously available, saysSkarf.At the HSC,VEPs are used in a number of clinicalapplications:to determine whether avisualproblemiscognitive; to assess whether babies who dont appear to see wellwill see better in the future;to determine a course oftreatment for such problems in which one eye turns in or isweaker than the other eye. The second aspect of the researcherswork involves the development of a stimulator for stereopsis, orbinocular vision, which is the fusing of images from both eyesinto one picture that has depth.The problem with testingbinocular vision, explains Skarf,is that most stimulipresented to young children have other cues that can be seenwith one eye alone. We wanted to devise stimuli that can only beseen by both eyes together and would produce specific brainwaves to the stimuli.Based on a binocular stimulus invented by an Americanresearcher, Eizenman had developed a stimulus that generates apattern on a tv screen which looks like distortion (a snowstorm) when viewed with only one eye, but when viewed throughspecial glasses with both eyes emits a distinctive three-dimensional pattern.Skarf and Eizenman are now testing binocular VEPs onyoung children. They are examining children with normal sightand evaluating eye function in children with visual disorders. This is the first test of binocular vision to be carried outwith large numbers. Using this binocular stimulus with the verysensitive detector system for analyzing responses,we hope tohave a system which will allow us to test binocular vision inyoung babies, quickly and easily, and to measure responses in abetter way than before.In addition to this clinical research, Skarf now wants todirect his attention to some basic research questions about thedevelopment of vision. We are interested in more than justdeveloping tools. We want to know how binocular vision developsand which factors interfere with development. We want to findout what wheels turn in the brain to produce lazy eyes andimpaired binocular vision. Skarf and Eizenman receive funding from the MedicalResearch Council of Canada. CONTACT:Barry Skarf(416)598-6133Moshe Eizenman (416)978-5523