Why Assisted Suicide Should Be A Right For Everyone

Walking down the cold, dimly lit hallways of one of the largest military hospitals in the United States listening to the coughing, moaning and sometimes crying coming out of the terminally ill patients rooms. I have watched many patients that I have personally cared for suffer a great deal during my time as a paramedic. During that span I have wondered and questioned why someone of their own free will not choose to end their own suffering. Working in this environment gave me some insight as to what others felt about the subject. One quote that has always stood out to me is â€Å"People want the right to die at a time of their own choosing. Too many families have watched helplessly as a relative dies slowly, longing for death†. (Toynbee) Some Doctors and nurses are totally against the idea while others support it. Let’s look into some of the reasons why assisted suicide should be a right for everyone. John Ciardi, a US poet once said â€Å"The Constitution gives every A merican the inalienable right to make a damn fool of himself†. Funny for an opening quote, but there is more to that quote then just being funny. It may not say that in the US Constitution directly, but it does give us the freedom to be one if we want. So we should have the right to end irreversible suffering without the government telling that we can’t. Western culture and the government believe that protecting people must be done for the greater good of the people. Although â€Å"right to die† has been used as a labelShow MoreRelatedThe Right to Commit Physician-Assisted Suicide1685 Words   |  7 PagesThe Right to Commit Physician-Assisted Suicide Physician-assisted suicide is suicide by a patient facilitated by means or information (as a drug prescription or indication of the lethal dosage) provided by a physician who is aware of how the patient intends to use such means or information (â€Å"Physician-assisted suicide†). Physician-assisted suicide should be accessible to the incurably ill patient. Allowing a patient to have this freedom could, for one, bypass tremendous pain and suffering.Read MoreDoctor Assisted Suicide And Suicide1585 Words   |  7 PagesDoctor assisted suicide is a topic that has recently become a much larger debated issue than before. A timeline put together by Michael Manning and Ian Dowbigging shows that prior to Christianity, doctor assisted suicide was something that was tolerated, and was not heavily questioned (2). Yet, in the 13th century, Thomas Aquinas had made a statement about suicide as well as doctor assisted suicide, and his words shaped the Catholic teaching on suicide into wh at they teach today. Beginning in theRead MoreEuthanasia Essay : Physician Assisted Suicide1566 Words   |  7 Pagesquestion of when? You ve said your farewells. Presently in the event that you had the opportunity to pick how your life finished, how would you choose it? In physician assisted suicide, the option to end a patient’s life is provided to a patient with knowledge of the patient s intention. Unlike euthanasia, in physician assisted suicide, physicians makes death accessible, but does not specifically regulate the death (Broeckaert 1). Euthanasia is putting someone to death who is suffering from a painRead MoreShould Physician Assisted Suicide Be Legal?901 Words   |  4 Pagessociety ponders over the idea of physician-assisted suicide, they most likely feel that the act itself would compare to murdering someone. Who really has the authority to say what is right or wrong when a loved one wants to end their life because of a terminal illness or a severe physical d isability? Should Physician-assisted suicide be Legal in California to make it a euthanasia state like Oregon ? In the article titled â€Å"Nicest Lawmaker Touts Assisted Suicide,† by Clea Benson published The BakersfieldRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide Should Be Legalized1181 Words   |  5 Pages54% agree to physician assisted suicide or euthanasia. Euthanasia preserves rights of an individual, brings an end to the pain, and provides death with dignity. Even though others may disagree and say that its religiously incorrect, physician assisted suicide should be legalized. In the United States, we have certain human rights and that includes the right to choose to end our lives. Under article 3 in the Declaration of Human Rights, it states, â€Å"Everyone has the right to life, liberty, andRead MoreAssisted Suicide Should Be Managed1273 Words   |  6 PagesAssisted Suicide Brittany Maynard was twenty-nine years old, she had been married for a year when she was diagnosed with brain cancer. Doctors gave her a prognosis of six months to live. After that, Brittany and her family decided to move to Oregon to take advantage of the Death with Dignity Act. On November 1, 2014, Maynard decided to end her life. Assisted suicide is a controversial topic that has been debated for many years. In a few countries, this procedure has already been legalized. ThereRead MoreAmerica Needs Voluntary Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide Essay1081 Words   |  5 Pageshear the word suicide it invokes controversy. Although it is a taboo subject; if a loved one was faced with a terminal illness becoming extremely critical this would pose a moral question. Could a person be willing to accept the fact their family member intended to use medical assisted suicide? Very few individuals would agree with this, but in the same instance should a human being want their relative to be in unbearable pain? According to the author, â€Å"Indeed, physician-assisted suicide implies notRead MoreEthics of Euthanasia Essay1475 Words   |  6 Pagessee why some patients with terminal illnesses would seek any type of relief from this hardship, even if that relief is suicide. Euthanasia or assisted suicide is where a physician would give a patient an aid in dying. â€Å"Assisted suicide is a controversial medical and ethical issue based on the question of whether, in certain situations, Medical practioners should be allowed to help patients actively determine the time and circumstances of their death† (Lee). â€Å"Arguments for and against assisted suicideRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide : A Right Of The People1700 Words   |  7 PagesPhysician-Assisted Suicide: A Right of the People Most people have seen at least one person in their life suffering in unbearable pain up to their death, and it’s never something people find joy in. There is nothing pleasing about being in pain or watching someone be in pain. For those people whose pain does not respond to methods of modern medicine, there should be the option of physician-assisted suicide. â€Å"Physician-assisted suicide refers to the practice of a physician prescribing or regulatingRead MoreThe Death With Dignity Law1353 Words   |  6 Pageslaw. The death with dignity law provides an opportunity to die painless and without suffering for terminally ill patients. Euthanasia should be available everywhere in the United States for chronically ill patients because, people choose how they live, so terminally ill patients should be able to choose how they die. Euthanasia, also known as physician-assisted suicide, and more loosely termed mercy killing, means to take a conscious, intended action, with the end result of ending a life to relieve

Gun Control And The Ethics Of Gun Control - 1306 Words

The tragic and horrifying news of a homicide or mass shooting immediately leads to the discussion of a longley debated issue, which has divided Americans for many years: gun control. About thirty thousand Americans die each year as a result of firearms (Doeden 7). People begin to question whether it is morally right for civilians to own guns, and if so, what types of restrictions should be placed on guns. This year, the deadliest mass shooting in American history occurred, leaving fifty-eight innocent people dead and over five hundred more injured. Stephen Paddock, the shooter, was found dead by police in his hotel room with numerous high-capacity firearms used in the assault on twenty thousand concert-goers (Lalami 1). Today, Americans†¦show more content†¦In an address, former President Barack Obama expressed his concern over the issue of gun violence and presented ways to prevent future crimes, like mass shootings. Although the former President of the United States believ es in the Second Amendment, he also believes â€Å"that we can find ways to reduce gun violence consistent with the Second Amendment.† (Obama). Like politicians, citizens are also extremely divided among the issues concerning gun ownership and gun control. In the past two decades, the number of households with at least one firearm has vastly decreased. In a survey conducted by the General Social Survey (GSS), in 2014, thirty-one percent of American households that replied to the survey owned at least one firearm, as opposed to about forty-one percent in 1994 (Smith 3). A survey conducted by the Pew Research Center concluded that about sixty-seven of American gun owners bought the firearm for self defense (Parker). However, this survey does not include every gun owner. Gun ownership for protection is typically seen in homeowners who want to protect themselves, their family, and their property from criminals. However, there are many homeowners who disagree with owning guns, esp ecially those who are parents. This is true for parent and homeowner Debbie Danvers, who vows, â€Å"As long as I have kids, I said, there will be no guns in my home.† (Japenga). Danvers believes that theShow MoreRelatedEthics of Gun Control1659 Words   |  7 PagesThe Ethics of Gun Control The phrase Gun Control means different things to different people. One bumper sticker states that Gun Control means hitting your target. However one defines gun control, the mere mention of it brings controversy. Opposing sides have for years fought over the laws that govern firearms. For the purposes of this paper Gun Control is defined as policies enacted by the government that limit the legal rights of gun owners to own, carry, or use firearms, with the intent ofRead More The Ethics of Gun Control Essay1770 Words   |  8 PagesThe Ethics of Gun Control The phrase Gun Control means different things to different people. One bumper sticker states that Gun Control means hitting your target. However one defines gun control, the mere mention of it brings controversy. Opposing sides have for years fought over the laws that govern firearms. For the purposes of this paper Gun Control is defined as policies enacted by the government that limit the legal rights of gun owners to own, carry, or use firearmsRead MoreEssay On Teenage Gun Violence1314 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract Teenage gun violence is on the rise. Gun violence has become a major problem for America. We have more privately owned guns than any other country. This could be one of the reasons that guns are being used by teens, because of the access they have to guns. The availability of guns to our youth is making the world unsafe. Although lawmakers are working on gun control laws, I wonder is the problem too far gone. Social Welfare Issue: Teenage Gun Violence Teenage gun violence is caused by individualsRead MoreThe Issue Of Teenage Gun Violence1320 Words   |  6 Pages1 Teenage Gun Violence Nicole Minor Union University . Abstract Teenage gun violence is on the rise. Gun violence has become a major problem for America. We have more privately owned guns than any other country. This could be one of the reasons that guns are being used by teens, because of the access they have to guns. The availability of guns to our youth is making the world unsafe. Although lawmakers are working on gun control laws, I wonder is the problemRead MoreReflective Letter:. What Worked For Me In This Assignment1153 Words   |  5 PagesReflective letter: What worked for me in this assignment was researching and learning more about gun control. what i found challenging was that i didn t know which sources to use for a majority of my information i used so i decided to break it up as evenly as possible. I don t know how well i did on this assignment i do know that when i think i did great i tend to do bad. I feel sure about summarizing and compelling, but i don t know if my research methods and strategies are working or are whereRead MoreGun Control Should Not Be Controlled As It Reduces Sense Of Self Defense1454 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Gun control can be defined as the entire laws that legalize the invention of firearms in a certain state. In other words, it is the regulation of distribution of firearms in a country. For a couple of years, government has struggled to reduce the rate at which firearms are used in a country. This has helped to reduce various crimes that were carried out by people who were said to own guns. Research shows that about 90% of deaths originate from use of firearms. For this reason, it isRead MoreThe Importance Of Gun Control950 Words   |  4 Pagespossibility of a mentally unstable individual attempting to take their own life away. This is why gun control is a crucial debate within our society. Today, my colleagues and I will inform you on the importance of gun control, historical events that further increase the need for gun control, and ways California has already taken steps to further increase safety for our society. Gun control is important because guns are extremely dangerous and have the ability to harm individual rights. Every single one ofRead More We Must Have the Right to Keep and Bear Arms Essay1360 Words   |  6 Pagesinfringed† (States, 1789). Despite this amendment, gun control still remains one of the most highly-debated issues in the United States. While the Constitution clearly states our right â€Å"to keep and bear Arms†, the gun control lobbyists continue to challenge this right by using the media to convey misleading stories on how guns by themselves are the problem. By contrast, the real issues are not the guns but the people who use them. Therefore guns should not be used as a political patsy to avoidRead MoreGun Violence Essay1050 Words   |  5 Pages Gun violence should be addressed in the United States because it is one of the leading causes of death facing Americans. According to the Center for Disease Control, over 33,000 people die in gun related deaths each year, nearly two-thirds of which are suicides. Since the Columbine High School massacre in 1999, there has been great concern for the safety of children in schools. Other mass shootings like the recent Las Vegas shooting are making all Americans feel that they are at risk of becomingRead MoreAn Informative Essay on Gun Control1289 Words   |  5 Pages Due date Informative Essay on Gun Control Introduction The right to possess guns is a fundamental element to American identity. The right to own and operate guns under certain circumstances is in fact guaranteed as part of the United States Constitution. Over the course of American history and particularly in the 21st century, there exists a great debate over the possession of guns of private citizens. Both sides of the debate argue with fervor. There are those that argue fervently for

Music And Its Influence On Art - 949 Words

People visit museums, observing and critiquing the different exhibits and pieces of art on display—paintings, sculptures, photographs. Often times, a person will spend longer observing a particular piece because some aspect of it resonates with them; it strikes some unidentifiable chord. Art is meant to evoke emotion by creating or portraying something the audience can relate to. Jazz music appeals to the ears, just as paintings appeal to the eyes. Music is like painting with sound. It contains different colors and strokes, which are conveyed through variations in notes, chords, and rhythms. Both skill and imagination are utilized when making art; art is an expression of emotions and ideas. It encourages freedom and liberates people from the constraints of â€Å"right and wrong.† Saying that jazz music is not art would contradict the main purpose of art. A defining characteristic of jazz music is improvisation. A jazz musician’s ability to improvise and compose on the spot provides them with an artistic freedom that not all other genres of music possess. At one point during the hard bop tune, â€Å"This I Dig of You,† all of the instruments besides the drums drop out and there is a drum solo (Mobley, â€Å"This I Dig of You,† 1960, 4:50). This moment enables the drummer with an opportunity to step outside of the ensemble and display his skills and whatever particular emotions he is experiencing in that moment. A solo serves as a moment of self-exploration for the musician. During thatShow MoreRelatedOur Mental Health is Based on Emotions, Moods, and Reactions Essay805 Words   |  4 Pagesto life†? We well know about the influence of art on our health, both mental and physical. Art has big effect on our mood(not only positive). Contemplation to artwork helps relieve tension, stress, break free from anxiety, and get rid of depression. The true art is harmonizing our inner world, helps restore mental balance. Art embodies greatest ability to develop human. Back in 1890, Vladimir Soloviev, in his work â€Å"General sense of Art† got to conclusion, that art of its ultimate goal should implementRead MoreIs Art And Music?1353 Words   |  6 PagesWhat truly is Art and Music? Is it something that an individual made just to express their imagination? The practice of Art in any form has created foundations of what is today a â€Å"society†. One may not know this but the aesthetics of â€Å"Art and Music† in Criminal Justice plays a vital role into the human psychology; allowing to regress the mind of a criminal or a detainee. In becoming a Homicide Detective, it i s imperative to have a calm atmosphere when someone is being interrogated in order to getRead MoreOpinion Essay929 Words   |  4 Pages Music is the best type of Art What is art? Everyone knows about it, but could you say a lot about music? May be yes, may be no. Music is the best type of art. Before proving it , let’s talk about what music means. Music is an art form which medium is sound and silence. In many cultures music is an important part of people. Music contains all their history. May be for someone music is just noise of instruments, but not for me. Music reflects history, people’sRead MoreFine Studio Arts and Music Essay1286 Words   |  6 PagesFine Studio Arts and Music Fine studio Arts is a discipline which incorporates the creativity of an individual or artist into both plastic and visual media. This field makes use of the traditional fine arts media such as sculpture, painting and drawing and it also utilizes upcoming modern media such as digital images, ceramics and textile. Other in the context of modern media is the maintenance and management of studios, perspective and composition and the theory of art and color (Colwell 56). SinceRead MoreFrancis Poulencs Short Piano Pieces952 Words   |  4 PagesFrancis Poulencs Short Piano Pieces Francis Poulencs music was considered avant garde, even in a time when art and expression focused on finding something new and different. Poulenc was a key member of the group Les Six, a French Group that wished to move music away from impressionism, formality, and the intellectual tendencies that had dictated creativity in the previous century (Rovi Corp, 2012). They wished to create conceptual music that was based on the expression of pure human emotion. UndoubtedlyRead MoreEssay on Renaisssance versus Baroque Periods967 Words   |  4 Pagesaccumulated along with views of art and music. Baroque era covers the period between 1600 and 1750 beginning with Monte Verdi (birth of opera) and ended with deaths of Bach and Handel. The term baroque music is borrowed from the art history. It follows the Renaissance era (1400-1600). It was initially considered to be a corrupt way of Renaissance by conservatives. The dominant trends in Baroque music correspond to those in Baroque art and literature. Some features of Baroque art included a sense of movementRead MorePros And Cons Of Censorship1590 Words   |  7 Pagesforms of art, music, speech, and expression. It can be seen as a means of suppressing free speech, especially in the case of musical lyrics and the impact music has on behaviors. According to Richard Taruskin, â€Å"It is all but irresistible kinesthetic response that music evokes that makes it such a potent influence on behavior, thence on morals and beliefs.† Therefore he justifies the need to censor music in order to prevent or reduce the negative behavior s associated with the influence of music lyricsRead MoreComparison/Contrast Renaisssance and Baroque Essay967 Words   |  4 Pagesaccumulated along with views of art and music. Baroque era covers the period between 1600 and 1750 beginning with Monte Verdi (birth of opera) and ended with deaths of Bach and Handel. The term baroque music is borrowed from the art history. It follows the Renaissance era (1400-1600). It was initially considered to be a corrupt way of Renaissance by conservatives. The dominant trends in Baroque music correspond to those in Baroque art and literature. Some features of Baroque art included a sense of movementRead More Hungarian Peasant and Folk Music Essay1562 Words   |  7 PagesHungarian Peasant and Folk Music I. General confusion about Hungarian folk music. Gypsy music Peasant music - the real Hungarian folk music - is not Gypsy music. Peasant music certainly had influence on the songs and playing of gypsies who lived in Hungary and performed in ensembles, though. Gypsy music used to be the basis of all generalizations about Hungarian music. It was Ferenc Liszts monumental error to state that Gypsy music is the creation of gypsies. The so called gypsy scale pointsRead MoreThe Concert Of Zac Brown Band922 Words   |  4 PagesThere’s no better feeling than being at a concert and jamming along to songs that you love while surrounded by people who share the same love for the music. Music concerts are majestic environments where a variety of different people come together in order to share their love of music. A few weeks ago I attended a Zac Brown Band concert for the first time and I was truly inspired by the band’s artistry and skill. The band was fully able to captivate their audience with their soulful tunes and obvious

Effects of Financial Globalization on Developing Countries Literature review

Essays on Effects of Financial Globalization on Developing Countries Literature review The paper "Effects of Financial Globalization on Developing Countries" is a brilliant example of a literature review on macro and microeconomics.The term globalization broadly refers to the process by which countries become increasingly integrated globally over time. It is a phenomenon that is characterized by advancement in technology and increased the mobility of persons, capital, goods and even pollution across borders. Over the past few decades, the concept of globalization has taken the center stage among other hotly-debated topics in international economics. Various scholars have given differing views regarding the impact of globalization. Some have conjectured that globalization has led to increased wealth for developing states at the expense of the developing ones. In their opinion, there has been an imbalance in the distribution of the costs of globalization between the developed and the developing nations, with the poor states bearing the heaviest burden. Other writers diff er from this view and connote that as a result of globalization, the gap in the distribution of income derived from international trade has become less skewed between the developed and developing countries. This paper covers the views of various scholars who reason in favor of and in opposition to the process of globalization in regard to its impact on distribution benefits among the developed and the developing states while giving specific focus on the economy and the environment. Finally, the paper concludes that globalization benefits the developed nations at the expense of the developing ones. Various scholars strongly support the idea that globalization has led to economic inequality. For instance, Nayar (2006, p. 8), Acharyya, (2005, p. 2) and Prasad (2003, p. 65), are of the viewpoint that globalization has led to an increased freeing up of the produce from the low-income into high-income countries at low prices, leading to an increase in income inequality between the rich an d the poor countries. According to Nayar (2006, p. 8), this has been made worse by the fact that most developing countries have to export primary products to developed nations, which are unprocessed and of low quality and thus, attract low prices. For instance, Acharyya, (2005, p. 2) finds that African countries largely export primary agricultural products such as coffee, cotton, seafood, banana and tropical wood in the unprocessed form to European countries. Moreover, whatever little growth in exports of medium technology products that have been realized by a few of the developing states, has largely been driven by the outsourcing of crucial production activities by foreign multinationals. Acharyya gives an example of India which has been outsourcing software services rather than developing their own software packages (Acharyya, 2005, p. 1). This activity has led to increased exports for India but has failed to generate any flow-through effect to the rest of the economy in terms of overall productivity level. However, some scholars have taken stances to the contrary and suggested that globalization has led to an increase in wealth both in the developed and the developing countries. This is the position held by Bigman (2007, p. 88) and Baldwin and Winters (2008) and they explain that developing states are able to fight because they are a part of the international system. Kemeny (2009, p. 104), disagrees with this argument and offers two changes associated with globalization that work to the advantage of the developing countries. According to Kemeny, the developed nations are vacating some areas of production with the advancement in technology which is filled by the developing states. Kemeny gives an example of development in information technology in India and China in the 1980s and 1990s. Further, Kemeny opines that the role of human resources has emerged to be more important in international trade than the distribution of natural resources. Hence, he puts fo rward that in recent times there has been an increase in the specialization of production in developing countries. Though this argument might be correct, it fails to be convincing enough to contest the idea of the skewed distribution of wealth, as proposed by Nayar, Acharyya, and Prasad. Rangarajan (2006, p. 5) offers a strong argument in relation to the impact of globalization, which he believes has led to an increase in inequality between the developed and the developing countries. According to Rangarajan, globalization emphasizes efficiency and hence, benefits usually accrue to countries that are favorably endowed with efficient modes of production. Developed countries have a head start over the developing countries by far and are largely capital intensive in their production. They also have a technological base which is both wide and sophisticated. Contrary to that, developing states rely more on labor-intensive means of production, which are less efficient. Consequently, while international trade is meant to benefit all nations globally, much of the benefits flow to the rich countries. The argument offered by Kemeny is rather weak. This is due to the fact that there is a huge gap even in the area of human resources between the developed and the developing countries and hence, much of the benefits of globalization accrue to the developed states as Rangarajan (2006, p. 5) proposes. As noted earlier, there has been a disproportional distribution of the costs of globalization, with developing countries bearing the biggest burden. Some scholars have paid attention to the impact of globalization on the environment in both the developed and the developing nations. Lucas (2007, p. 13), notes that there are much higher regulatory costs for polluting activity in developed states compared to the developing countries. As a result, pollution-intensive industries in developed countries have a tendency to migrate to developing countries where weaker environmental regula tions give them a chance to thrive. According to Lucas (2007, p. 13), this explains the fact that the number of polluting industries has been increasing at a high rate in developing states recently. Further, Dinda, (2009, p. 5), Sachs (2009, p. 10) and Gillespie and Lellaive (2007, p. 38) note that developed countries are increasingly gaining in terms of environmental quality from international trade while the developing states are increasingly losing. Birundha (2008, p. 5) also supports this view and gives a useful example of India wherein 2000 the number of harmful emissions that foreign industries released into the environment amounted to 51% of all emissions. Other writers give different views. Antweiler et al (2001) and Liddle (2001) for instance point out that globalization has led to innovation in technology that reduces pollution, especially in developed countries. As such, they suggest that developing nations are increasingly relying on technological transfer from the devel oped countries and hence, benefiting from globalization. Whilst these arguments may be correct, they fail to clearly show the distribution of environmental pollution between the developed states and the developing ones. They do not give consideration to the fact that the number of foreign polluting in industries in low-income countries and from the rich states has been growing significantly as Lucas (2007, p. 13) demonstrates. In conclusion, globalization has led to skewed/uneven distribution of economic benefits from international trade between the developed and the developing countries. As noted by different scholars, the developed nations take the lion’s share of benefits at the expense of the developing states. Further, after a critical consideration of the various arguments advanced by different writers, we can argue that developing nations bear the heaviest burden of the costs of globalization, especially those related to environmental pollution. Therefore, it is not mi splaced to argue that the process of globalization benefits developed countries at the expense of the developing ones. ReferencesAcharyya, R 2005, Product standards, exports, and employment: An analytical study, Springer, New York Antweiler, W, Copeland, BR Taylor, MS 2001, ‘Is Free Trade Good for the Environment?’ American Economic Review, vol 91 Issue 4, pp. 877 – 908. Baldwin, RE Winters, LA 2008, Challenges to Globalization: Analyzing the Economics, University of Chicago Press. Bigman, D 2007, Globalization and the least developed countries: Potentials and pitfalls, CABI, Massachusetts. Birundha, VD 2009, ‘Globalization of Indian Economy and its Impact on Environment,’ viewed 01 November 2011, Gillespie, B Lellaive, X 2007, â€Å"Innovation, globalization, and the environment,† OECD Observer, No. 261. Dinda, S 2009, ‘Globalization and Environment: Can Pollution Haven Hypothesis Alone Explain the impact of Globalization on Environ ment?’ viewed 01 November 2011, Kemeny, T 2009, International technology gaps in the age of globalization, ProQuest, Los Angeles. Lucas, MS 2007, â€Å"Critical essay: Does Globalization Cause Inequity Among Rich and Poor Nations?† viewed 01 November 2011, Liddle, B 2001, â€Å"Free trade and the environment-development system†, Ecological Economics, No. 39, pp. 21 – 36. Nayar, BR 2006, India’s globalization: Evaluating economic consequences, East-Western Centre, Washington. Prasad, E 2003, Effects of financial globalization on developing countries: Some empirical evidence, International Monetary Fund, Washington DC. Rangarajan, C 2006, Responding to globalization: India’s answer, Economic Advisory Council of India, New Delhi. Sachs, J 2009, ‘Globalization in the era of environmental crisis,’ United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Trade and Development Board, Fifty-sixth session UNCTAD Geneva, 15 September 2009, v iewed 01 November 2011,

Discussion on public magnet and charter schools Free Essays

string(198) " if the particular demands are non in understanding, a school receives a province support \( the particular demands could run into for illustration in the country of the school course of study \) \." Nowadays an instruction is non a privilege for affluent people merely as it was some decennaries ago and in in-between ages. Every kid and every individual has an chance to have a certain degree of instruction for free. Many types of school are available today. We will write a custom essay sample on Discussion on public magnet and charter schools or any similar topic only for you Order Now Let us discourse three of them – public school, magnet school and charter school. What are differences between them? Public Schools To specify differences between the types of schools is impossible without the clear apprehension of the chief thought of every school. First of all, allow us analyze what is public school. It could be assorted types of educational establishments depending on the state. Largely, public schools is an educational establishment that is funded and run by the authorities ( normally it is funded through the revenue enhancements ) . Nevertheless, some public schools are run by different organisations and they are independent from the authorities ; we can see them private establishments. We can see that public schools are a consequence of the thought that authorities of a state has a duty for the degree of instruction of its citizens. Most of public schools charge a little stuff fee and they are free to go to. There are many assorted schooling theoretical accounts changing from state to state. Nevertheless, the most popular theoretical account of public instruction attentions about kids throu ghout childhood and in to the late teens. Some states besides provide an chance to acquire higher instruction for free. This chance is for those pupils who are citizens of a state. Besides some states provide a sort of partially authorities subsidise university plans. Talking about the United States, we can see that the authorities of the state operates figure of province colleges, although pupils are expected to pay different fee ( for illustration, tuition one ) . On the other manus, there are some fiscal assistance plans and authorities loan available for the citizens of the United States. In other states, like the United Kingdom, public schools are largely in private funded and bear down a high tuition fees ; these schools set a high admittance criterions. In such types of public schools tuition includes board and room. Most of the pupils live at the school during a term. These types of public schools have an impressive academic history and besides a long permanent tradition of household attending through over a coevals. In those states where public instruction is required and common, schooling is compulsory to a certain grade degree or age. If a individual wants to go a public school instructor, the certain grade from an commissioned university is required and good public standing every bit good. Government is maintaining checks on the public instruction system with the aid of system broad standardised trials. These trials are a sort of indicant of the degree of some basic accomplishments like simple mathematics and literacy. To sum up the thought of public school, allow us underscore the chief characteristics of it. This type of instruction includes kindergarten to 12-th class ( K – 12 ) ; besides public school refer to primary and secondary instruction ( besides it refers to the station secondary every bit good and advanced instruction, like for illustration proficient schools, university and colleges that are overseen and funded by authorities alternatively of private entities ) . State public instruction is inclusive in the intervention of pupils. Often it is operated and organized to became a calculated theoretical account of that civil community in which it s traveling to map. It could be provided to a group of pupils in a schoolroom in a cardinal school and it may be provided in – place as good ( it employs oversing instructor or sing instructors ) . State public instruction could be besides provided as shopping mall infinite ( non – school and non – place scenes ) . The chief characteristic of the province public instruction is that it is available to all people. Largely, it is mandatory for kids up to a certain age to go to a province public school ; nevertheless, the option of go toing a private school is unfastened for many people every bit good. In instance that a child attends private public school, such type of schools by and large defray its costs ( by bear downing parents tuition fee ) and operates independently of the province ( Suitts, 2008 ) . As we mentioned above, province public schools are funded by revenue enhancements largely. It means that en those people who are non go toing schools ( or their kids and their dependants are non go toing province public school ) aid to guarantee that citizens of a province are educated plenty. It is of import to advert that the term â€Å" public instruction † is non a equivalent word for the term â€Å" publically funded instruction † when it is applied to province schools. What does it means? For illustration, authorities could do a public policy determination to hold certain fiscal resources that are distributed in support ( or/and it could make up one’s mind to hold some control over ) the proviso of private instruction. Voucher system and grants – in – assistance of the private schools give an illustration of publically funded private instruction. On the other manus, a province school ( including that schools that are run by a school territory ) could to a great extent trust on private support ( like private contributions or high fees ) ; this school would still be considered a province public school by virtuousness of governmental control and ownership. Normally, the province public instruction includes at that place following points: Standards and proving that are provided by authorities ; Compulsory pupils ‘ attending until a certain criterion of accomplishment or until the certain age ; Certification of course of study and instructors ; the enfranchisement could be provided by either instructors ‘ organisation or by authorities. In some states churches or private associations could run a school harmonizing to their principals ; they are free to make it until they comply with a certain demands of a province. In instance if the particular demands are non in understanding, a school receives a province support ( the particular demands could run into for illustration in the country of the school course of study ) . You read "Discussion on public magnet and charter schools" in category "Essay examples" Then a school could be treated for accreditation intent and financially as a portion of the province public educational system, nevertheless they make a determination about school policy and hiring ( for illustration, non engaging atheists ) which authorities could non take itself. Many specializers assert the province public instruction to be necessary because it is demand of those people who are capable of making basic mathematics, composing and reading in the modern society. Some other people like libertarians, Teach that instruction is better to go forth for private sector. There is another group of people that are remaining for the alternate signifiers of instruction, like non – schooling. They argue that the same cognition and accomplishment is possible to accomplish without subjective pupils to province – tally compulsory schooling. How the province public schools are organized? As we mentioned earlier, they are provided by local authorities ; instruction, support and course of study and other policies as good are set through school boards that are locally elected by legal power over school territories. What are school territories? They are particular – purpose territories that are authorized by a proviso of province jurisprudence. In other words, province authorities has a right ( and utilize the right ) to supply a minimal criterions relation to all chief activities of secondary and primary schools and authorise and fund to ordain local school revenue enhancements every bit good to back up the province public schools ( this support is provided chiefly through existent belongings revenue enhancements ) . The federal authorities could financess material AIDSs to school and provinces that meet minimal federal criterions. Decisions about the school accreditation are made by voluntary regional associations. Ordinary, a province public school is divided in to a three phases: Elementary school ( kindergarten to fifth or sixth class ) ; In-between school ( junior high or â€Å" intermediate † school ) ; High school ( 9th or twelfths classs ) . In the in-between school is largely common the undermentioned format: the simple school contains the kindergarten through the 6th class, the in-between school contains seventh through 8th classs. Furthermore, some simple schools could be divided in to two more degrees: Primary school ( frequently it is K -2 ) ; Intermediate. Frequently these two schools are based in the separate edifices. One more emerging popular construct is the K – 8th format. In this format pupils could go to two schools merely for all their K – 12 instruction. In the K – 8 format all primary classs are houses that are situated in one subdivision of a school ( this state of affairs is more common for charter schools ) ; however, traditionally junior high school aged students are based in another subdivision of a school. Presently, some really little schools territories ( normally in rural countries ) sill maintain a K – 12 system harmonizing to which all students are housed in a individual school. In the United States, different establishments f the higher instruction that are subsidized and operated by the American province authorities is besides considered to be â€Å" public † . Nevertheless, public universities charge tuition ( unlike the public secondary school ) ; nevertheless these fees are normally much cheaper that the same fees that are charged by the private universities, for â€Å" in – province † pupils peculiarly. State universities, community colleges, and province colleges are the illustrations of public establishment of the higher instruction. The figure of the province universities is considered to be the best establishments of the higher instruction in the United States. However, they are frequently surpassed by some private colleges and universities in ranking. Among these private constitutions are those that are highly selective in the pupils they are accepting and they are expensive as good. The advantage of the public schools is obvious ( in principal, if non in pattern ever ) . In a state where the population is educated the degree of different accomplishments in the work force is meant to be increased and better public argument. Educated citizens are expected to be more likely to do thought out determinations and see the hereafter of their state. Charter Schools Now allow us research the charter schools and in which manner they are different from the province public schools. In the United States charter schools are secondary or chiefly schools that receive public money, furthermore, the can have private contributions like other schools ) . They are non a topic of some regulations, legislative acts and ordinances and this is the chief differences from the province public schools. Alternatively of it the charter schools have some types of answerability for the bring forthing of the certain consequences. The consequences are set Forth in every school ‘s charter. This type of schools is unfastened and could be attended by pick. Normally, charter schools are alternate to other public schools, however, they are besides portion of the public educational system ; charter schools are non allowed to bear down tuition. In that charter schools where the registration is over subscribed, the admittance is often allocated by the admittance that is lo ttery based. Some charter schools suggest a sort of the course of study that is specialized in a one certain field ( for illustration, the course of study could be specialized in mathematics, humanistic disciplines or linguistic communications, etc. ) it is one of the efforts to supply more efficient and better general instruction than nearby public schools. It is one more difference between public schools and charter schools. The following distinctive feature of charter schools is following: some of them are founded by parents, instructors or other militants who are restricted by the traditional public educational system. There are besides province – authorised charters that are frequently established by universities, non – net income groups and some authorities entities ( schools are non charged by local school territories ) . Furthermore, sometimes school territories permit corporations to pull off ironss of charter schools. Charter schools themselves are non – net income yet ; in this manner public schools could be managed by a for – net income corporation. It is non altering the position of a school. Talking about the construction and character of charter schools, we can advert that there are two chief principals that are steering the type of schools: Charter schools operate as independent public schools declining from figure of the procedural demands of the territory populace schools. It does non intend nevertheless that a school could be exempt from the same educational criterions that are set by the territory or authorities. The liberty could be necessary for making a certain school civilization ; the civilization should maximise pupils ‘ motives by stressing subject, academic asperity, relationships with caring grownups and high outlooks. Confirming pupils require the liberty to make a good balanced school civilization to fulfill the demands of the pupils. Particularly it is of import for those minority pupils in urban school territories, where the public presentation is affected by some societal phenomena stereotype menace, non – dominant cultural capital, â€Å" moving white † , and â€Å" a codification of a street † . The charter schools are accountable for the accomplishments of their pupils. The construction and regulations of the charter schools is differ from province to province and depend on the province authorizing. Any charter school once it received a charter, a public presentation contract that is defined statutory and inside informations the school ‘s mission, ends, plans, ways of step success, pupils served and methods of appraisal, is authorized to map. Most of the charter schools are granted for three to five old ages, however, the length of clip for every of charters are granted varies. This type of schools is accountably held to their patron ( province educational bureau, a local school board, university or other entity ) . It helps to adhere to the charter contract and to bring forth the positive academic consequences. It is obvious that the answerability is one of the gratings statements for the charter schools ; on the other manus, here is some grounds that is gathered by the United States Department of Education. This grounds claims that charter schools are practically non held to the high criterions of answerability in comparison with the traditional public schools. This statement could be refuted with the aid of analyzing the figure of those traditional public schools which were closed because of the hapless public presentation of their pupils on the trials at the terminal of a class or stop – of – class trials. Normally this sort of schools is allowed to remain unfastened on the status of the restructuring and new leading ( or frequently with no alterations at all ) . The advocates of the charter schools are asseverating that the schools do non hold an chance to frequently restructure ; they are merely closed down if their pupils show a hapless public presentation on the apprais als. The United States Department of Education ‘s findings agrees with the statements of NEA ( National Educational Association ) , although their inability to keep some other of import factors, the restrictions of different surveies does non give us an chance to be certain if the traditional public schools are better than charter schools or non. We can merely specify all those differences that we already mentioned above. Magnet Schools The last type of schools that we are traveling to analyze is magnet school. It is a public school that has a specialised course of study or class. The term â€Å" magnet † refers to the manner of how the schools draw pupils from across the common boundaries that are defined by governments ( school boards ) as the school zones that feed into some certain schools. We can run into magnet schools at the in-between school degree, simple school degree and at the high school degree every bit good. In the conditions of the decentralized instruction, some magnet schools are established by the school territory ; they are draw from the territory merely. Other magnet schools are set up by province authorities ; they could be draw from the multiply territories. There are besides some magnet plans within comprehensive schools ( several schools within one school ) . The bulk of the magnet schools are academically selective. There are two types of the magnet schools that are built on a base of the elect sporting plans and on the agricultural concern ( like animate being genteelness and agriculture ) . Some magnet schools provide the competitory entryway procedure ; they require interview, hearing or the entryway scrutiny. Other magnet schools use the lottery system or accept all pupils who apply ; besides they could unite some elements of lottery and competitory entryway. Most of the schools are concentrating on a peculiar country of the survey or on the certain subject ; other could hold a more general focal point. The focal point could be made on faculty members ( technology, mathematics, natural scientific discipline, societal scientific disciplines, and humanistic disciplines, executing of all right humanistic disciplines ) or they may concentrate on the vocational, agricultural, proficient instruction. Decision Here are some chief types of schools that are common in the state. Sum uping the differences between the public school, the magnet school and the charter school we can reason that they are about the support and authorising largely. Public schools are normally focused on a pretty broad country of surveies while magnetic and charter schools are seeking to hold a narrow focal point. However, we appreciate the broad pick of educational constitutions that are assisting our citizens to be good educated and to acquire more accomplishments and cognition. How to cite Discussion on public magnet and charter schools, Essay examples

To What Extent Do Audiences Need Art Galleries to View Their Works free essay sample

To what extent do audiences need art galleries to view art works? Art galleries are essential to the art world, however, is not the only source for audiences to view art. To begin with, art and artwork is defined as the application of human skill, creativity and imagination. Taking this into consideration, individuals need to examine the nature and purpose of art galleries as a facility to collaborate, organize and display a collection of artworks. As art however, is any expression of human creativity, its presence is not bound to art galleries and is evidently present in the world around us be it in photographs, the internet or even in graffiti. To determine the extent audiences need art galleries to view art, the purpose of galleries and the artworks present in galleries must be examined. The main purpose of an art gallery is to acquire, display and preserve artworks for audiences to examine and view. We will write a custom essay sample on To What Extent Do Audiences Need Art Galleries to View Their Works or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In saying this, it places a large emphasis on the role of art galleries for audiences as it aims to provide a facility in which audiences may view art justifying their importance. Breaking down the concept of art galleries however is important. One must examine the types of galleries and the types of work they hold in order to understand the types of artworks they can provide for an audience and in a sense, show their importance to the art culture and to the audience itself. The first type of art gallery to consider are private galleries. Often run by local or â€Å"smaller named† artists who set up a space to exhibit their works. These are needed by audiences as it allows them to view a snapshot of local, contemporary works. By presenting examples of the kind of works inspired by the community and local area, it provides a deeper sense of the art culture present in the community. Another type of art gallery are government run art galleries such as the Art Gallery of Western Australia. This type of galleries displays a range of national and international artworks. An example is in The Art Gallery of Western Australia, where art is taken from around the world. Such art is from a South African artistWilliam Kentridge (Born April 28 1955) who specializes in sculptures with his work â€Å"Fire Walker† [2009] and â€Å"Shadow Quartet† [2003 2004] (an arrangement of wooden instrumental carvings) available for public viewing. Art galleries are therefore necessary for these delicate types of artworks to exist and be preserved. Without such large facilities, audiences may be prevented from viewing finer arts due to their fragile and delicate nature. Larger art galleries government funded and run are therefore necessary to an audience to view such unique and diverse artworks from around the world.? The final type of galleries are commercial galleries. This type presents works with the intent of sale. Unlike other sources of art such as graffiti on the streets or images on the internet, audiences are granted the rare opportunity to purchase, let alone view works. It provides the opportunity to keep the tangible artwork as opposed to viewing replicas or snapshots of these artworks on the internet or on photographs. On a whole, there is a great need for the presence of art galleries. It provides an audience with tangible collections of artworks. By presenting the actual artworks in collections and exhibitions, audiences are given the chance to view the quality, scale and depth of artworks that are not possible over images, videos or the internet. Their ability to present diverse, high quality artworks from numerous locations all in one venue highlight the need an audience has for facilities such as art galleries. Despite the need for art galleries, they are not essential nor are they the sole source for audiences to view artworks. As art is a dynamic expression of ones creativity, art can be expressed and viewed everywhere and are not confined to art galleries. A perfect example of the presence of artworks available for viewing is in graffiti. Graffiti is often a derogative term used to describe writing, drawing, or images placed on the surfaces of public buildings or areas. Although not considered fine art by many, as an expression of creativity and imagination, it falls under the category of artworks. What separates this form of artwork from those found in galleries is the atmosphere and environment that is attached to graffiti that cannot be replicated or found in art galleries. The raw nature of graffiti makes it appealing for viewers, however, the fact it is abundant in the urban environment justifies the idea that it can be viewed without the need for an art gallery. An example of an artist who’s work is only present in the urban environment is a Melbourne graffiti artist under the alias of Aeon. Examples of his artworks are â€Å"Black† (undated) and â€Å"Foes† (undated), both of which are considered â€Å"Pieces† produced with spray paint on a bricked surface. Such pieces are only available for viewing on the streets of Melbourne on back lanes and ally ways. The location of his works add to the effect and subjective nature of his works with the emphasis of art flourishing in all areas of the world and by all types of people. Such art cannot be made in art galleries as it takes the surrounding environment and incorporates it into the work itself. This shows how despite galleries are a source of artworks, not all artworks can be viewed in an art gallery. Graffiti being one of those due to its unique, raw and urbanized nature. Another reason that audiences cannot completely rely on art galleries to view artworks is due to environment and time. Some artworks simply cannot be created in the physical confines of a gallery, rather they can only be photographed and kept as a snapshot of the artwork whilst still in existence. Andy Goldsworthy (Born July 26 1956) is an example of a British artist who’s artwork cannot be viewed in a gallery. As an environmental sculptor, his works such as â€Å"Gutter Water† (2010) only exist for a certain period of time until the water in the works evaporate. Another example of such artwork that environment and time play heavily upon is â€Å"5 Arches† (1982), a series of 5 ice pillars. Such works are created using the environment and using time, both of which cannot always be replicated in the gallery environment. For this reason, live viewings or photographs are the only way of seeing the artworks placing emphasis that audiences do not need, and sometimes cannot use art galleries to view artwork. The need for art galleries has shifted as a result of the internet. Technological progression has lead to the spread of artworks over the internet minimizing the need that audiences have for viewing artworks at galleries. By providing photographs and copies of artwork, individuals are given the option to view works from the comfort of their home and personal computers taking away the need for having to view them elsewhere based on the convenience of the internet. Artworks are a dynamic expression of creativity and imagination. The extent that audiences need galleries to view them varies, however there will always be a need and purpose for galleries. The quality of work presented, the vast collections and convenience coupled with the atmosphere of art culture that can only be drawn from within galleries are the reasons for audience’s need for them. Taken into consideration, there is a need, however not a complete dependency on galleries to view artworks as art is present in all environments and cultures and not bound to the spaces of a gallery.

Accounting Earnings and Cash Flows

Question: Discuss about the Accounting Earnings and Cash Flows. Answer: Introduction: Longreach Ltd has adopted the international accounting standard and the objective of the standard in relation to the impairment of assets is prescribing the procedures to ensure that the assets are carried at not more than recoverable amount. Since the assets are described as impaired under this standard, it is required by the entity to recognize the loss arising from impairment. There are several types of assets included in the entity in both the profit and non-profit organization. Such assets are segmented into various section and those employed for carrying out the current operation are deemed as the current assets (Bevis 2013). Fixed assets on the other hand serves the entity for longer period. An entity may comprised of several intellectual assets other than current and fixed assets such as trademark, copyright assets and many more. It also comprised of assets emerged from the acquisition or due to the growing popularity among consumers are also included along with the goodwill and brand. The organization can increase its revenue by directly employing such assets. There are also intangible assets, which are not physical and cannot be measured in units. In the books of account, such assets are maintained at the amount purchased (Briloff 2013). There is a significant decline in the real value of the assets with the time. The company at the real time value applies impairment and the decreased amount is adjusted in the impairment account. Decline in the value of asset leads to loss, which is viewed as loss due to impairment. There are certain common factors applicable to the numerous assets and several factors influences the asset value. Value of machinery, equipment and several tools is based on the manufacturing capability and usage. It is viewed that the upcoming g production capability of these assets might decrease due to their increased usage in the production (Dechow 2012). The older equipment and machineries decreases in the value and eventually it becomes obsolete because of the emergence of modern machineries and equipment. The value of land gradually increase due to various factors such as over population, new cities emergence and transformation of the locality. Due to the alterations in the choice of consumers and modern technology emergence, the trademark along with the patent right tends to fall in value. Goodwill is falsified in the event of acquiring any acquisition and it serves as an additional value (Gray et al. 2013). The goodwill imbibed in purchasing the assets falls significantly when there is the reduction in the value of the assets. There is need to the financial report as per the requirement of the stakeholders because the stakeholders have different interest over the organization. Government and the accounting standards signifies huge importance in the interest of shareholders. It is desired by the stakeholders that financial reports must represent the true and fair value of the asset and liabilities of the listed companies. Due to the emergence of the modern machineries at the lower price, the market value of the machineries has turned out to be half of the real value cost. There can be the case when the organization has acquired the machinery before five years. If the cost price of certain machinery is presented in the financial report, it would indicate that the asset are overvalued. This would not represents the true and fair value of the assets. Valuing the assets of the organization are considered an efficient investment option by the shareholders (Maas et al. 2016). Shareholders of the company may take faulty investment decision if the shareholders rely their investment decisions on the overvalued financial statements, if the organization does not represents the fair and true value of the assets. The accounting board for gaining the shareholders interest has introduced the impairment concept. Introduction of the government policies and the accounting standards outlines the instruction for the impairment of the assets along with the general financial statements. When the carrying amount of the assets exceed the recoverable amount, it is required to carry out the test of impairment at that time. In the books of accounts of the assets, the carrying amount is recorded. The purchasing cost of the assets represents such amount and it is depreciated in relation to the appropriate technique of depreciation (Huian 2013). The asset fair value can be selected as the amount recovered after all the anticipated expenses of the assets are reduced by the organization. Asset value can be regarded as another recoverable amount. The net cash flow of the entity anticipated to be collected from the assets is referred to as the value. The higher value among the two can be chosen in accordance with the IAS 36. If we consider IAS 36, the loss arising from the impairment is measured by reducing the recoverable amount of assets from their carrying amount (Aasb.gov.au 2017). Since the book value of the asset is reduced, the impairment loss attributed to the respective assets are debited. In addition to this, the maintenance of the accounting amount of the assets has decreased the value. Such impairment loss is adjusted in the income statement in the year-end along with the profit and loss account. The loss is representing as the non-operating loss in the income statement. The overall value of the shareholder is decrea sed if the impairment loss is credited in the revaluation surplus account. In case of the assets that are generally considered as the Cash Generating Units that encompasses the goodwill, which has resulted from the acquisition of the assets. The impairment loss is not adjusted accordingly in this case. The impairment loss can be calculated as per the aforementioned method if the overall value of the cash-generating unit requires being impaired. Moreover, the loss is adjusted with the Goodwill account. In the event of making adjustment with the goodwill, certain amount is left, and then the remaining amount is aligned with the CGU assets (Rappaport 2012). This is relied on the book value of the assets. Reference and Bibliography: Aasb.gov.au. (2017). Available at: https://www.aasb.gov.au/admin/file/content105/c9/AASB136_07-04_COMPapr07_07-07.pdf [Accessed 18 Jan. 2017]. Bevis, H.W., 2013.Corporate Financial Accounting in a Competitive Economy (RLE Accounting). Routledge. Briloff, A.J., 2013.The truth about corporate accounting. Harpercollins. Dechow, P.M., 2012. Accounting earnings and cash flows as measures of firm performance: The role of accounting accruals.Journal of accounting and economics,18(1), pp.3-42. Gray, R., Owen, D. and Adams, C., 2013.Accounting accountability: changes and challenges in corporate social and environmental reporting. Prentice Hall. Huian, M., 2013. Stakeholders participation in the development of the new accounting rules regarding the impairment of financial assets.Business Management Dynamics,2(9), pp.23-35. Maas, K., Schaltegger, S. and Crutzen, N., 2016. Integrating corporate sustainability assessment, management accounting, control, and reporting.Journal of Cleaner Production. Paton, W.A. and Littleton, A.C., 2012.An introduction to corporate accounting standards(No. 3). American Accounting Association. Rappaport, A., 2012. Establishing objectives for published corporate accounting reports.The Accounting Review,39(4), pp.951-962. Rennekamp, K., Rupar, K.K. and Seybert, N., 2014. Impaired judgment: The effects of asset impairment reversibility and cognitive dissonance on future investment.The Accounting Review,90(2), pp.739-759.